Rule 31 Seaplanes
Where it is impracticable for a seaplane to exhibit lights and shapes of the characteristics or in the positions prescribed in the Rules of this Part, she shall exhibit lights and shapes as closely similar in characteristics and position as possible. When on the water, a seaplane (or amphibian) is a "vessel" in terms of the Navigation Rules.
Rule 32 Definitions
(a) The word "whistle" means any sound- signaling appliance capable of producing the prescribed blasts and which complies with specifications in Annex III to these Rules.
(b) The term "short blast" means a blast of about 1 second duration.
(c) The term "prolonged blast" means a blast of from 4 to 6 seconds duration.
The term "whistle" includes sound-producing devices that are likely to be found on smaller vessels, if it can make a sound that meets the requirements of the Rules and Annex III, it's a whistle. There are only two kinds of whistle blasts, short and prolonged, the term "long blast" does not appear in either set of the Navigation Rules.
Rule 33 Equipment for Sound Signals
(a) A vessel of 12 meters or more in length shall be provided with a whistle and a bell, and a vessel of 100 meters or more in length shall, in addition, be provided with a gong, the tone and sound of which cannot be confused with that of the bell. The whistle, bell and gong shall comply with the specifications in Annex lll to these Rules. The bell or gong or both may be replaced by other equipment having the same respective sound characteristics, provided that manual sounding of the prescribed signals shall always be possible.
(b) A vessel of less than 12 meters in length shall not be obliged to carry the sound signaling appliances prescribed in paragraph (a) of this Rule, but if she does not, she shall be provided with some other means of making an efficient sound signal.
Rule 33
There are only three types of sound-signal equipment mentioned in the Rules - whistle, bell, and gong, with the latter only required on vessels 100 meters or more in length. Even if the sound of a bell or gong can be created by other means (electronic), manual sounding must always be possible. There is no use of the term "fog horn" in the Rules; "fog" signals are sounded on the same whistle as used for other purposes.
Rule 34 Maneuvering and Warning Signals
(a) When power-driven vessels are in sight of one another and meeting or crossing at a distance within half a mile of each other, each vessel underway when maneuvering as authorized or required by these Rules:
(i) shall indicate that maneuver by the following signals on her whistle: one short blast to mean "I intend to leave you on my port side", two short blasts to mean "I intend to leave you on my starboard side'', and three short blasts to mean "I am operating astern propulsion".
(ii) upon hearing the one- or two-blast signal of the other shall, if in agreement, sound the same whistle signal and take the steps necessary to effect a safe passing. If from any cause the vessel doubts the safety of the proposed maneuver, she shall sound the danger signal specified in paragraph (d) of this Rule and each vessel shall take appropriate precautionary action until a safe passing agreement is made.
(b) A vessel may supplement the whistle signals prescribed in paragraph (a) of this Rule by light signals: (i) These signals shall have the following significance: One flash to mean "I intend to leave you on my port side'', two flashes to mean "I intend to leave you on my starboard side'', three flashes to mean "I am operating astern propulsion" (ii) The duration of each flash shall be about 1 second, and (iii) The light used for this signal shall, if fitted, be one all-round white or yellow light, visible at a minimum range of 2 miles, synchronized with the whistle and shall comply with the provisions of Annex I to these Rules.
(c) When in sight of one another: (i) a power-driven vessel intending to overtake another power-driven vessel shall indicate her intention by the following signals on her whistle: One short blast to mean "I intend to overtake you on your starboard side", two short blasts to mean "I intend to overtake you on your port side'' and (ii) the power-driven vessel about to be overtaken shall, if in agreement, sound a similar sound signal. If in doubt she shall sound the danger signal prescribed in paragraph (d).
(d) When vessels in sight of one another are approaching each other and, from any cause, either vessel fails to understand the intentions or actions of the other, or is in doubt whether sufficient action is being taken by the other to avoid collision, the vessel in doubt shall immediately indicate such doubt by giving at least five short and rapid blasts on the whistle. This signal may be supplemented by a light signal of at least five short and rapid flashes.
(e) A vessel nearing a bend or an area of a channel or fairway where other vessels may be obscured by an intervening obstruction shall sound one prolonged blast. This signal shall be answered with a prolonged blast by any approaching vessel that may be within hearing around the bend or behind the intervening obstruction.
(f) If whistles are fitted on a vessel at a distance apart of more than 100 meters, one whistle only shall be used for giving maneuvering and warning signals.
(g) When a power-driven vessel is leaving a dock or berth, she shall sound one prolonged blast. (h) A vessel that reaches agreement with another vessel in a head-on, crossing, or overtaking situation by using the radiotelephone as prescribed by the Bridge-to-Bridge Radiotelephone Act (85 Stat. 165; 33 U.S.C. 1207), is not obliged to sound the whistle signals prescribed by this Rule, but may do so. If agreement is not reached, then whistle signals shall be exchanged in a timely manner and shall prevail.
Rule 34
This Rule contains the most significant variations between the International and Inland Rules. The International Rules whistle signals for power-driven vessels underway in sight of each other are signals of actions being taken - they are required between two such vessels in sight of one another, and do not require a reply. The Inland Rules whistle signals for power-driven vessels are signals of intent - they are required in sight of one another and are meeting or crossing at a distance within half a mile of each other. These signals require a reply.
The meanings of the one and two short-blast signals are different in the two sets of Rules. Be sure of which set governs the waters you are on at all times so that you may properly sound your signals and interpret the signals of other vessels. These signals are not to be used in conditions of restricted visibility. The very important signal of doubt or danger - five or more short and rapid blasts - is the same on all waters.
The three-blast sound signal in both sets of Rules has the same meaning. "Operating astern propulsion" means that it does not necessarily mean that the vessel has stopped or is making sternway. The deciding factor is the operation of the propulsion machinery, not the movement of the vessel. In both sets of Rules, the one, two, three, and five or more short blast signals may be supplemented by light signals with the corresponding number of one-second flashes at one-second intervals. Also, the light signals may not be substituted for the sound signals.
The International Rules require that this light be white, the light signals need not be synchronized with the whistle blasts, and may be repeated after an interval of ten seconds. The Inland Rules allow either white or yellow, the light flashes must be synchronized with the whistle blasts and cannot be repeated separately. The required visibility ranges are different for the two sets of Rules.
Rule 34 is applicable only to power-driven vessels - vessels under sail are not required to sound maneuvering signals unless they are also using mechanical propulsion, in which case they are not sailing vessels. In waters governed by the International Rules, a power-driven vessel may sound a whistle signal to a sailing vessel to indicate action being taken. In Inland Rules waters, a power-driven vessel should not sound whistle signals of intent to a sailing vessel, as that vessel cannot reply.
In overtaking situations, the signals of the International Rule are applicable only if the encounter occurs in a narrow channel and the overtaken vessel must maneuver to allow safe passage of the other. In the Inland Rules, the signals are required in all circumstances if the vessels will come within a half-mile of each other.
Rule 35 Sound Signals in Restricted Visibility
In or near an area of restricted visibility, whether by day or night, the signals prescribed in this Rule shall be used as follows:
(a) A power-driven vessel making way through the water shall sound at intervals of not more than 2 minutes one prolonged blast.
(b) A power-driven vessel underway, but stopped and making no way through the water, shall sound at intervals of not more than 2 minutes two prolonged blasts in succession with an interval of about 2 seconds between them.
(c) A vessel not under command; a vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver, whether underway or at anchor, a sailing vessel; a vessel engaged in fishing, whether underway or at anchor; and a vessel engaged in towing or pushing another vessel shall, instead of the signals prescribed in paragraphs (a) or (b) of this Rule, sound at intervals of not more than 2 minutes, three blasts in succession; namely, one prolonged followed by two short blasts.
(d) A vessel towed or, if more than one vessel is towed, the last vessel of the tow if manned, shall at intervals of not more than 2 minutes sound four blasts in succession; namely, one prolonged followed by three short blasts. When practicable, this signal shall be made immediately after the signal made by the towing vessel.
(e) When a pushing vessel and a vessel being pushed ahead are rigidly connected in a composite unit they shall be regarded as a power-driven vessel and shall give the signals prescribed in paragraphs (a) or (b) of this Rule.
(f) A vessel at anchor shall, at intervals of not more than 1 minute, ring the bell rapidly for about 5 seconds. In a vessel of 100 meters or more in length the bell shall be sounded in the forepart of the vessel and immediately after the ringing of the bell the gong shall be sounded rapidly for about 5 seconds in the after part of the vessel. A vessel at anchor may, in addition, sound three blasts in succession; namely, one short, one prolonged and one short blast, to give warning of her position and of the possibility of collision to an approaching vessel.
(g) A vessel aground shall give the bell signal and, if required, the gong signal prescribed in paragraph (f) of this Rule, and shall, in addition, give three separate and distinct strokes on the bell immediately before and after the rapid ringing of the bell. A vessel aground may, in addition, sound an appropriate whistle signal.
(h) A vessel of less than 12 meters in length shall not be obliged to give the above-mentioned signals but, if she does not, shall make some other efficient sound signal at intervals of not more than 2 minutes.
(i) A pilot vessel when engaged on pilotage duty may, in addition, to the signals prescribed in paragraphs (a), (b) or (f) of this Rule, sound an identity signal consisting of four short blasts.
(j) The following vessels shall not be required to sound signals as prescribed in paragraph (f) of this Rule when anchored in a special anchorage area designated by the Secretary: (i) a vessel of less than 20 meters in length; and (ii) a barge, canal boat, scow, or other nondescript craft.
Rule 35 International Rule 35(f) and Inland Rule 35(e) refer to a "composite unit" of a rigidly connected pushing vessel and vessel being pushed. This is a rare situation, as the normal means of connection of wires and winches does not meet this definition. See also Rule 24(b).
Rule 36 Signals To Attract Attention
If necessary to attract the attention of another vessel, any vessel may make light or sound signals that cannot be mistaken for any signal authorized elsewhere in these Rules, or may direct the beam of her searchlight in the direction of the danger, in such a way as not to embarrass any vessel.
Rule 36 Note: carefully that a signal "to attract the attention of another vessel" is not a distress signal. It is often used by fishing vessels with nets out. A searchlight should be shown only in the direction of the danger, it should never be directed toward the other vessel, lest it blind the helmsman. The International Rule specifically eliminates the use of strobe lights for the purpose of attracting attention. The Inland Rule does not have this prohibition, but it should be noted that such a light is listed as a distress signal in waters subject to these Rules.
Rule 37 Distress Signals
When a vessel is in distress and requires assistance she shall use or exhibit the signals described in Annex IV to these Rules.
Rule 37 Because the primary intent of the Navigation Rules is to prevent collisions, the details of distress signals are not included in the basic Rules - only a reference to Annex IV.
Tuesday, April 28, 2009
Friday, April 24, 2009
Vessels at Anchor and Aground
Vessel Aground
Vessel less than 50 meters in length
Vessel at anchor with deck illumination
A vessel of less than 7 meters in length, when at anchor not in or near a narrow channel, fairway or where other vessels normally navigate, shall not be required to exhibit the shape prescribed in paragraphs (a) and (b) of this Rule.
A vessel of less than 12 meters in length, when aground, shall not be required to exhibit the lights or shapes prescribed in subparagraphs (d)(i) and (ii) of this Rule.
A vessel of less than 20 meters in length, when at anchor in a special anchorage area designated by the Secretary, shall not be required to exhibit the anchor lights and shapes required by this Rule.
Small craft less than 7 meters in length are not required to show an anchor light or shape if anchored out of the way of all other water traffic. Larger vessels must comply with Rule 30 wherever anchored, this includes the showing of a "anchor ball" dayshape.
Any vessel at anchor may, and vessels of 100 or more meters in length must, show deck or working lights to increase her visibility to other vessels. A vessel made fast to a mooring is "at anchor." A vessel dragging its anchor is not "made fast to the bottom" and, is not a vessel at anchor, but a vessel underway.
The Inland Rules only provide for "special anchorage areas" in which anchor lights and shapes are not required for craft less than 20 meters in length. These are generally established off marinas and yacht clubs where boats are left unmanned on moorings for days at a time and electric power is not available for showing anchor lights. There is no provision in the International Rules for areas where anchor lights and shapes are not required.
International Rule 30(d) requires vessels of 12 meters or more in length when aground to show the three "anchor balls" day signal or two all-round red lights at night, few small craft are equipped to meet this requirement, and most fail to comply. The Inland Rules have the same requirement, but add "if practicable" without defining the limits of practicability. A vessel is not considered "aground" for the purposes of this Rule if she is intentionally placed in contact with the bottom or against the bank to hold her position, in this case, the vessel is underway with no way on.
A vessel of less than 12 meters in length, when aground, shall not be required to exhibit the lights or shapes prescribed in subparagraphs (d)(i) and (ii) of this Rule.
A vessel of less than 20 meters in length, when at anchor in a special anchorage area designated by the Secretary, shall not be required to exhibit the anchor lights and shapes required by this Rule.
Small craft less than 7 meters in length are not required to show an anchor light or shape if anchored out of the way of all other water traffic. Larger vessels must comply with Rule 30 wherever anchored, this includes the showing of a "anchor ball" dayshape.
Any vessel at anchor may, and vessels of 100 or more meters in length must, show deck or working lights to increase her visibility to other vessels. A vessel made fast to a mooring is "at anchor." A vessel dragging its anchor is not "made fast to the bottom" and, is not a vessel at anchor, but a vessel underway.
The Inland Rules only provide for "special anchorage areas" in which anchor lights and shapes are not required for craft less than 20 meters in length. These are generally established off marinas and yacht clubs where boats are left unmanned on moorings for days at a time and electric power is not available for showing anchor lights. There is no provision in the International Rules for areas where anchor lights and shapes are not required.
International Rule 30(d) requires vessels of 12 meters or more in length when aground to show the three "anchor balls" day signal or two all-round red lights at night, few small craft are equipped to meet this requirement, and most fail to comply. The Inland Rules have the same requirement, but add "if practicable" without defining the limits of practicability. A vessel is not considered "aground" for the purposes of this Rule if she is intentionally placed in contact with the bottom or against the bank to hold her position, in this case, the vessel is underway with no way on.
Wednesday, April 22, 2009
Navigation Rules 28 and 29
Rule 28 Vessel Constrained by her Draft:
Under the International Rules, a vessel "constrained by her draft" is obligated to conform to the Rules covering a meeting or crossing situation. She has no additional right-of-way over another vessel and is required to navigate with "particular caution," but the other vessel is, in turn, required not to impede her safe passage, see Rule 18(d). There is no Rule 28 in the Inland Rules.
Rule 29 Pilot Vessels
Vessel engaged on pilotage duty - underway.
Vessel engaged on pilotage duty - at anchor, vessel less than 50 meters in length.
The lights of pilot vessels are "White over red - pilot ahead." (As contrasted with "Red or green over white - they're fishing tonight.")
White-over-red lights are also used by fishing vessels when hauling in their nets if fishing in close proximity to other fishing vessels (Annex II). However, these lights are used in conjunction with white-over-green lights so there is little likelihood of confusion with a pilot vessel.
White-over-red lights are also used by fishing vessels when hauling in their nets if fishing in close proximity to other fishing vessels (Annex II). However, these lights are used in conjunction with white-over-green lights so there is little likelihood of confusion with a pilot vessel.
(a) A vessel engaged on pilotage duty shall exhibit:
(i) at or near the masthead, two all-round lights in a vertical line, the upper being white and the lower red.(ii) when underway, in addition, sidelights and a sternlight; and(iii) when at anchor, in addition to the lights prescribed in subparagraph (i), the anchor light, lights, or shape prescribed in Rule 30 for anchored vessels.
(b) A pilot vessel when not engaged on pilotage duty shall exhibit the lights or shapes prescribed for a similar vessel of her length.
(i) at or near the masthead, two all-round lights in a vertical line, the upper being white and the lower red.(ii) when underway, in addition, sidelights and a sternlight; and(iii) when at anchor, in addition to the lights prescribed in subparagraph (i), the anchor light, lights, or shape prescribed in Rule 30 for anchored vessels.
(b) A pilot vessel when not engaged on pilotage duty shall exhibit the lights or shapes prescribed for a similar vessel of her length.
Monday, April 20, 2009
Vessels Not Under Command
Vessel engaged in diving operations.
Vessel restricted in her ability to mmaneuver - making way, vessel less than 50 meters in length.
Vessel restricted in her ability to mmaneuver - at anchor, vessel
less than 50 meters in length.
Vessel engaged in mineclearance operations - vessel 50 meters or greater in length.
Vessel engaged in dredging or underwater operations when restricted in ability to maneuver - not making way with an obstruction, starboard side.
Vessel engaged in dredging or underwater operations when restricted in ability to maneuver - making way with an obstruction on the starboard side.
Vessel engaged in towing operation which severely restricts towing vessel and her tow in their ability to deviate from their course - length of tow does not exceed 200 meters, towing vessel less than 50 meters in length.
Vessel not under command - not making way.
Vessel not under command - making way.
Vessel restricted in her ability to mmaneuver - at anchor, vessel less than 50 meters in length.
Vessel restricted in her ability to mmaneuver - making way, vessel less than 50 meters in length.
Definitions for "vessel not under command" and "vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver" are given in Rule 3(f) and (g). These vessels cannot comply with the requirements of the Navigation Rules, they are given special privileges, and their status is indicated by special lights.
A vessel not under command is one that has suffered a steering failure or a loss of propulsion power. The term "vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver" is applicable to one attached to the bottom for work, such as a dredge, or a Coast Guard buoy tender servicing an aid to navigation, or a ship laying underwater cables. A tug towing a barge is not normally considered to be restricted in her ability to maneuver, but there may be situations where this is warranted and additional lights and shapes may be displayed.
A vessel engaged in diving operations may or may not be restricted in her ability to maneuver. A salvage vessel with "hard hat" divers down - supplied with air from pumps on the surface, is definitely restricted in her ability to maneuver and should show the lights of Rule 27(d) or (e). On the other hand, a dive boat with free-swimming SCUBA divers in the water is definitely not restricted and should not show the signals of Rule 27(e). Such a craft should fly the "diver's flag" (red with one white diagonal stripe) that signifies "Divers in the water, keep clear." This flag is not a part of the Navigation Rules, but is used and is legally required by many state and local authorities. Rule 27(e) requires "a rigid replica" of the International Code flag "A".
A vessel not under command is one that has suffered a steering failure or a loss of propulsion power. The term "vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver" is applicable to one attached to the bottom for work, such as a dredge, or a Coast Guard buoy tender servicing an aid to navigation, or a ship laying underwater cables. A tug towing a barge is not normally considered to be restricted in her ability to maneuver, but there may be situations where this is warranted and additional lights and shapes may be displayed.
A vessel engaged in diving operations may or may not be restricted in her ability to maneuver. A salvage vessel with "hard hat" divers down - supplied with air from pumps on the surface, is definitely restricted in her ability to maneuver and should show the lights of Rule 27(d) or (e). On the other hand, a dive boat with free-swimming SCUBA divers in the water is definitely not restricted and should not show the signals of Rule 27(e). Such a craft should fly the "diver's flag" (red with one white diagonal stripe) that signifies "Divers in the water, keep clear." This flag is not a part of the Navigation Rules, but is used and is legally required by many state and local authorities. Rule 27(e) requires "a rigid replica" of the International Code flag "A".
Sunday, April 19, 2009
Fishing Vessels (Rule 26)
Note: When there is outlying gear extending more than 150 meters horizontally from the vessel, an all-round white light or a cone apex upwards in the direction of the gear.
Vessel Engaged in Fishing other than Trawling - not making way.
Note: When there is outlying gear extending more than 150 meters horizontally from the vessel, an all-round white light or a cone apex upwards in the direction of the gear.
Vessel Engaged in Fishing other than Trawling - making way.
Vessel Engaged in Fishing other than Trawling - making way.
Vessel Engaged in Trawling - making way.
Vessel Engaged in Trawling - making way, vessel less than 50 meters in length.
Vessel Engaged in Trawling - not making way, vessel less than 50 meters in length.
Vessel Engaged in Trawling - not making way.
A fishing vessel is defined as one engaged in fishing with nets, lines, trawls, or other gear that restricts her ability to maneuver. It does not include sport-fishing boats with trolling lines, which are not considered to pose any such restriction.
Note: that a distinction is made between trawling and other kinds of fishing, with different special lights but the same dayshape. Underway but not making way through the water, or at anchor, only these special lights are shown. If making way, these lights plus sidelights and a sternlight must be shown (if 50 meters or longer, a second higher masthead light is required aft). Also that a basket is no longer authorized in the International Rules as a dayshape for smaller fishing vessels.
A "fishing vessel" when not engaged in fishing must show the normal lights for a vessel of her size; she must not display the special fishing lights.
In October, 1996, Inland Rules 26(b)(i), (c)(i), and (d) were changed. The first two changes deleted the alternative basket dayshape. The third change brought the Inland Rules into parallel wording with the International Rules.
In October, 1996, Inland Rules 26(b)(i), (c)(i), and (d) were changed. The first two changes deleted the alternative basket dayshape. The third change brought the Inland Rules into parallel wording with the International Rules.
Thursday, April 16, 2009
Sailing Vessels Underway (Rule 25)
A sailboat that is underway shows the same sidelights and sternlight as a powerboat, but does not show a masthead light. From ahead of a sailboat you see only her sidelights, from astern, only her sternlight (which gives her the same appearance as a powerboat from astern). There are some variations and additional lights permitted but not required.
The red-over-green all-round lights at or near the masthead are in addition to the normal sidelights and sternlight, which must be shown. But the optional "tricolor" light at or near the masthead is in lieu of the normal sidelights and sternlight, which must not be shown if the tricolor light is lit.
Remember: A vessel with sails up, but also being propelled by machinery, even a small outboard motor, must show the lights of a power-driven vessel, not those of a sailing vessel. The tricolor light cannot be used in this situation. A white forward "masthead" light must be shown. The Inland Rules exempt a sailboat less than 12 meters from the requirement to show a cone, point downward, when under sail and power during daylight, there is no exemption in the International Rules.
It is desirable that a sailboat less than 7 meters in length show normal running lights, but she may alternatively show a white light, such as a flashlight or electric lantern shown on the sails, this is effective in making known the small craft's presence.
A rowboat will normally just show a white light in the direction of another vessel, or it could show the same lights as a sailboat.
A vessel proceeding under sail when also being propelled by machinery shall exhibit forward where it can best be seen a conical shape, apex downwards. A vessel of less than 12 meters in length is not required to exhibit this shape, but may do so.
The red-over-green all-round lights at or near the masthead are in addition to the normal sidelights and sternlight, which must be shown. But the optional "tricolor" light at or near the masthead is in lieu of the normal sidelights and sternlight, which must not be shown if the tricolor light is lit.
Remember: A vessel with sails up, but also being propelled by machinery, even a small outboard motor, must show the lights of a power-driven vessel, not those of a sailing vessel. The tricolor light cannot be used in this situation. A white forward "masthead" light must be shown. The Inland Rules exempt a sailboat less than 12 meters from the requirement to show a cone, point downward, when under sail and power during daylight, there is no exemption in the International Rules.
It is desirable that a sailboat less than 7 meters in length show normal running lights, but she may alternatively show a white light, such as a flashlight or electric lantern shown on the sails, this is effective in making known the small craft's presence.
A rowboat will normally just show a white light in the direction of another vessel, or it could show the same lights as a sailboat.
A vessel proceeding under sail when also being propelled by machinery shall exhibit forward where it can best be seen a conical shape, apex downwards. A vessel of less than 12 meters in length is not required to exhibit this shape, but may do so.
A sailing vessel underway shall exhibit: sidelights and a sternlight. A sailing vessel of less than 20 meters in length the lights prescribed in this Rule may be combined in one lantern carried at or near the top of the mast where it can best be seen.
A sailing vessel underway may, in addition to the lights prescribed in this Rule, exhibit at or near the top of the mast, where they can best be seen, two all-round lights in a vertical line, the upper being red and the lower Green, but these lights shall not be exhibited in conjunction with the combined lantern permitted by paragraph (b) of this Rule.
A sailing vessel of less than 7 meters in length shall, if practicable, exhibit the lights prescribed in this Rule, but if she does not, she shall have ready at hand an electric torch or lighted lantern showing a white light which shall be exhibited in sufficient time to prevent collision.
A vessel under oars may exhibit the lights prescribed in this rule for sailing vessels, but if she does not, she shall have ready at hand an electric torch or lighted lantern showing a white light which shall be exhibited in sufficient time to prevent collision.
Monday, April 13, 2009
Towing and Pushing (Navigational Rule 24)
This Rule covers both "towing," which means towing astern on a hawser or cable or with the towed vessel alongside, and "pushing," which means only pushing the "towed" vessel ahead of the towing vessel.
To determine the need for different lights and dayshapes for longer tows, the distance is measured from the stern of the towing vessel to the stern of the towed vessel which is the sum of the length of the towline and the towed vessel.
The lights seen from astern of vessels pushing ahead or towing alongside are different in waters governed by the Inland and by the International Rules.
The two masthead lights for towing vessels with tows of 200 meters or less, and the three masthead lights used with longer tows, can be shown either forward or aft on towing vessels 50 meters or more in length. If multiple lights are shown forward, there will be a single, higher masthead light aft, if the two or three lights are shown aft, there will be a single, lower masthead light forward. The single masthead light is not required of shorter towing vessels, but may be shown.
The diamond dayshape required on the towed vessel or object for tows over 200 meters in length has no corresponding light for nighttime. Also the diamond shape is shown only on the towed vessel or object, and not on the towing vessel even though the triple masthead lights may not be noticeable during the day (these lights will normally be shown in the daytime, although not required by the Rules).
Rule 24 Towing and Pushing
(a) A power-driven vessel when towing astern shall exhibit:
(i) instead of the light prescribed either in Rule 23 (a)(i) or 23(a)(ii), two masthead lights in a vertical line. When the length of the tow, measuring from the stern of the towing vessel to the after end of the tow exceeds 200 meters, three such lights in a vertical line;
(ii) sidelights;
(iii) a sternlight;
(iv) a towing light in a vertical line above the sternlight; and
(v) when the length of the tow exceeds 200 meters, a diamond shape where it can best be seen.
(b) When a pushing vessel and a vessel being pushed ahead are rigidly connected in a composite unit they shall be regarded as a power-driven vessel and exhibit the lights prescribed in Rule 23.
(c) A power-driven vessel, when pushing ahead or towing alongside, except as required by paragraphs (b) and (i) of this Rule, shall exhibit:
(i) instead of the light prescribed either in Rule 23(a)(i) or 23(a)(ii), two masthead lights in a vertical line;
(ii) sidelights; and
(iii) two towing lights in a vertical line.
(d) A power-driven vessel to which paragraphs (a) or (c) of this Rule apply shall also comply with Rule 23(a)(i) and 23(a)(ii).
(e) A vessel or object other than those referred to in paragraph (g) of this Rule being towed shall exhibit:
(i) sidelights;
(ii) a sternlight; and
(iii) when the length of the tow exceeds 200 meters, a diamond shape where it can best be seen.
(f) Provided that any number of vessels being towed alongside or pushed in a group shall be lighted as one vessel, except as provided in paragraph (iii):
(i) a vessel being pushed ahead, not being part of a composite unit, shall exhibit at the forward end, sidelights and a special flashing light;
(ii) a vessel being towed alongside shall exhibit a sternlight and, at the forward end, sidelights and a special flashing light; and
(iii) when vessels are towed alongside on both sides of the towing vessel, a sternlight shall be exhibited on the stern of the outside vessel on each side of the towing vessel, and a single set of sidelights as far forward and as far outboard as is practicable, and a single special flashing light.
(g) An inconspicuous, partly submerged vessel or object being towed shall exhibit:
(i) if it is less than 25 meters in breadth, one all-round white light at or near each end;
(ii) if it is 25 meters or more in breadth, four all-round white lights to mark its length and breadth;
(iii) if it exceeds 100 meters in length, additional all-round white lights between the lights prescribed in subparagraphs (i) and (ii), so that the distance between the lights shall not exceed 100 meters: Provided, that any vessels or objects being towed alongside each other shall be lighted as one vessel or object;
(iv) a diamond shape at or near the aftermost extremity of the last vessel or object being towed; and
(v) the towing vessel may direct a searchlight in the direction of the tow to indicate its presence to an approaching vessel.
(h) Where from any sufficient cause it is impracticable for a vessel or object being towed to exhibit the lights prescribed in paragraph (e) or (g) of this Rule, all possible measures shall be taken to light the vessel or object towed, or at least to indicate the presence of the unlighted vessel or object.
(i) Notwithstanding paragraph (c), on the Western Rivers (except below the Huey P. Long Bridge on the Mississippi River) and on waters specified by the Secretary, a power-driven vessel when pushing ahead or towing alongside, except as paragraph (b) applies, shall exhibit:
(ii) sidelights; and
(iii) two towing lights in a vertical line.
(j) Where from any sufficient cause it is impracticable for a vessel not normally engaged in towing operations to display the lights prescribed by paragraph (a), (c), or (i) of this Rule, such vessel shall not be required to exhibit those lights when engaged in towing another vessel in distress or otherwise in need of assistance. All possible measures shall be taken to indicate the nature of the relationship between the towing vessel and the vessel being assisted. The searchlight authorized by Rule 36 may be used to illuminate the tow.
To determine the need for different lights and dayshapes for longer tows, the distance is measured from the stern of the towing vessel to the stern of the towed vessel which is the sum of the length of the towline and the towed vessel.
The lights seen from astern of vessels pushing ahead or towing alongside are different in waters governed by the Inland and by the International Rules.
The two masthead lights for towing vessels with tows of 200 meters or less, and the three masthead lights used with longer tows, can be shown either forward or aft on towing vessels 50 meters or more in length. If multiple lights are shown forward, there will be a single, higher masthead light aft, if the two or three lights are shown aft, there will be a single, lower masthead light forward. The single masthead light is not required of shorter towing vessels, but may be shown.
The diamond dayshape required on the towed vessel or object for tows over 200 meters in length has no corresponding light for nighttime. Also the diamond shape is shown only on the towed vessel or object, and not on the towing vessel even though the triple masthead lights may not be noticeable during the day (these lights will normally be shown in the daytime, although not required by the Rules).
Rule 24 Towing and Pushing
(a) A power-driven vessel when towing astern shall exhibit:
(i) instead of the light prescribed either in Rule 23 (a)(i) or 23(a)(ii), two masthead lights in a vertical line. When the length of the tow, measuring from the stern of the towing vessel to the after end of the tow exceeds 200 meters, three such lights in a vertical line;
(ii) sidelights;
(iii) a sternlight;
(iv) a towing light in a vertical line above the sternlight; and
(v) when the length of the tow exceeds 200 meters, a diamond shape where it can best be seen.
(b) When a pushing vessel and a vessel being pushed ahead are rigidly connected in a composite unit they shall be regarded as a power-driven vessel and exhibit the lights prescribed in Rule 23.
(c) A power-driven vessel, when pushing ahead or towing alongside, except as required by paragraphs (b) and (i) of this Rule, shall exhibit:
(i) instead of the light prescribed either in Rule 23(a)(i) or 23(a)(ii), two masthead lights in a vertical line;
(ii) sidelights; and
(iii) two towing lights in a vertical line.
(d) A power-driven vessel to which paragraphs (a) or (c) of this Rule apply shall also comply with Rule 23(a)(i) and 23(a)(ii).
(e) A vessel or object other than those referred to in paragraph (g) of this Rule being towed shall exhibit:
(i) sidelights;
(ii) a sternlight; and
(iii) when the length of the tow exceeds 200 meters, a diamond shape where it can best be seen.
(f) Provided that any number of vessels being towed alongside or pushed in a group shall be lighted as one vessel, except as provided in paragraph (iii):
(i) a vessel being pushed ahead, not being part of a composite unit, shall exhibit at the forward end, sidelights and a special flashing light;
(ii) a vessel being towed alongside shall exhibit a sternlight and, at the forward end, sidelights and a special flashing light; and
(iii) when vessels are towed alongside on both sides of the towing vessel, a sternlight shall be exhibited on the stern of the outside vessel on each side of the towing vessel, and a single set of sidelights as far forward and as far outboard as is practicable, and a single special flashing light.
(g) An inconspicuous, partly submerged vessel or object being towed shall exhibit:
(i) if it is less than 25 meters in breadth, one all-round white light at or near each end;
(ii) if it is 25 meters or more in breadth, four all-round white lights to mark its length and breadth;
(iii) if it exceeds 100 meters in length, additional all-round white lights between the lights prescribed in subparagraphs (i) and (ii), so that the distance between the lights shall not exceed 100 meters: Provided, that any vessels or objects being towed alongside each other shall be lighted as one vessel or object;
(iv) a diamond shape at or near the aftermost extremity of the last vessel or object being towed; and
(v) the towing vessel may direct a searchlight in the direction of the tow to indicate its presence to an approaching vessel.
(h) Where from any sufficient cause it is impracticable for a vessel or object being towed to exhibit the lights prescribed in paragraph (e) or (g) of this Rule, all possible measures shall be taken to light the vessel or object towed, or at least to indicate the presence of the unlighted vessel or object.
(i) Notwithstanding paragraph (c), on the Western Rivers (except below the Huey P. Long Bridge on the Mississippi River) and on waters specified by the Secretary, a power-driven vessel when pushing ahead or towing alongside, except as paragraph (b) applies, shall exhibit:
(ii) sidelights; and
(iii) two towing lights in a vertical line.
(j) Where from any sufficient cause it is impracticable for a vessel not normally engaged in towing operations to display the lights prescribed by paragraph (a), (c), or (i) of this Rule, such vessel shall not be required to exhibit those lights when engaged in towing another vessel in distress or otherwise in need of assistance. All possible measures shall be taken to indicate the nature of the relationship between the towing vessel and the vessel being assisted. The searchlight authorized by Rule 36 may be used to illuminate the tow.
Sunday, April 12, 2009
Towing and Pushing (Rule 24 Lights)
Vessel being pushed ahead, not being part of a composite unit. International
Power-driven vessel towing astern - towing vessel less than 50 meters in length; length of tow 200 meters or less.
Dracone being towed
Power-driven vessel towing astern - towing vessel less than 50 meters in length; length of tow exceeds 200 meters.
Composite Unit 50m or greater.
Composite Unit underway - less than 50m in length.
Power-driven vessel pushing ahead or towing alongside - towing vessel less than 50 meters in length. International
Composite Unit underway - less than 50m in length.
Power-driven vessel pushing ahead or towing alongside - towing vessel less than 50 meters in length. International
Power-driven vessel pushing ahead or towing alongside - towing vessel less than 50 meters in length. Inland
Power-driven vessel towing astern - length of tow 200 meters or less. The after masthead light is optional for vessel less than 50 meters in length.
Power-driven vessel towing astern - length of tow 200 meters or less. The after masthead light is optional for vessel less than 50 meters in length.
Power-driven vessel towing astern - length of tow 200 meters or less. When masthead lights for towing or pushing are exhibited aft, a forward masthead light is required.
Vessel being towed - length of tow 200 meters or less.
Vessel being towed - length of tow 200 meters or less.
Vessel or object being towed - length of tow exceeds 200 meters.
Vessel being towed alongside. International
Vessel being pushed ahead, not being part of a composite unit. Inland
Vessel being towed alongside. Inland
Dracone being towed
Power-driven vessel pushing ahead on Western Rivers. (above the Huey P. Long Bridge on the Mississippi River) Inland
This Rule covers both "towing," which means towing astern on a hawser or cable or with the towed vessel alongside, and "pushing," which means only pushing the "towed" vessel ahead of the towing vessel.
For determining the need for different lights and dayshapes for longer tows, the distance is measured from the stern of the towing vessel to the stern of the towed vessel which is the sum of the length of the towline and the towed vessel.
Note that the lights seen from astern of vessels pushing ahead or towing alongside are different in waters governed by the Inland and by the International Rules.
Also the two masthead lights for towing vessels with tows of 200 meters or less, and the three masthead lights used with longer tows, may be shown either forward or aft on towing vessels 50 meters or more in length. If the multiple lights are shown forward, there will be a single, higher masthead light aft, if the two or three lights are shown aft, there will be a single, lower masthead light forward. The single masthead light is not required of shorter towing vessels, but may be shown.
The diamond dayshape required on the towed vessel or object for tows over 200 meters in length has no corresponding light for nighttime. Note also that the diamond shape is shown only on the towed vessel or object, and not on the towing vessel even though the triple masthead lights may not be noticeable during the day (these lights will normally be shown in the daytime, although not required by the Rules).
Saturday, April 11, 2009
Conduct of Vessel in Restricted Visibility
Rule 19
(a)This Rule applies to vessels not in sight of one another when navigating in or near an area of restricted visibility.
(b) Every vessel shall proceed at a safe speed adapted to the prevailing circumstances and conditions of restricted visibility. A power-driven vessel shall have her engines ready for immediate maneuver.
(c) Every vessel shall have due regard to the prevailing circumstances and conditions of restricted visibility when complying with the Rules.
(d) A vessel which detects by radar alone the presence of another vessel shall determine if a close-quarters situation is developing and or risk of collision exists. If so, she shall take avoiding action in ample time, provided that when such action consists of an alteration in course, so far as possible the following shall be avoided:
(i) An alteration of course to port for a vessel forward of the beam, other than for a vessel being overtaken.
(ii) An alteration of course toward a vessel abeam or abaft the beam.
(e) Except where it has been determined that a risk of collision does not exist, every vessel which hears apparently forward of her beam the fog signal of another vessel, or which cannot avoid a close-quarters situation with another vessel forward of her beam, shall reduce her speed to be the minimum at which she can be kept on her course. She shall if necessary take all her way off and in any event navigate with extreme caution until danger of collision is over.
Comments Rule 19
Two considerations must first be met, the vessels must be in or near an area of restricted visibility, and they must not be in sight of each other. A vessel might be in clear weather, but near a fog bank, or might conceal another vessel, this Rule would then be applicable. The range of visibility is not specified, common sense should be used.
The requirement of Rules 19(b) and (e) for a safe speed goes back to Rule 6(a) with its specific conditions and requirement for stopping distance. The requirements of Rule 19(c) tie in with the provisions of Rule 5, Lookouts, Rule 7, Risk of Collision, and Rule 8, Action to Avoid Collision. If you have radar, Rule 19(d) should be read in used with Rule 6(b). Sound signals are required.
Rule 20 Application
(a) Rules in this part shall be complied with in all weathers.
(b)The Rules concerning lights shall be complied with from sunset to sunrise, and during such times no other lights shall be exhibited, except such lights which cannot be mistaken for the lights specified in these Rules or do not impair their visibility or distinctive character, or interfere with the keeping of a proper look-out.
(c)The lights prescribed by these Rules shall, if carried, also be exhibited from sunrise to sunset in restricted visibility and may be exhibited in all other circumstances when it is deemed necessary.
(d)The Rules concerning shapes shall be complied with by day.
Rule 20 Application, Lights and Shapes
(a) Rules in this Part shall be complied with in all weathers.
(b) The Rules concerning lights shall be complied with from sunset to sunrise, and during such times no other lights shall be exhibited, except such lights as cannot be mistaken for the lights specified in these Rules or do not impair their visibility or distinctive character, or interfere with the keeping of a proper lookout.
(c) The lights prescribed by these Rules shall, if carried, also be exhibited from sunrise to sunset in restricted visibility and may be exhibited in all other circumstances when it is deemed necessary.
(d) The Rules concerning shapes shall be complied with by day.
(e) The lights and shapes specified in these Rules shall comply with the provisions of Annex I of these Rules.
Comments Rule 20
For this Rule, "in all weathers" means the state of visibility, good or bad. Navigation lights may be shown at any time during the day. They must be shown in daytime if visibility is restricted and, of course, must be shown at night. "Dayshapes" are for daytime use only.
In order not to complicate the basic Navigation Rules, specifications for lights and shapes, and requirements for the placement of these on vessels, are given in Annex I.
Rule 21 Definitions
(a) "Masthead light" means a white light placed over the fore and aft centerline of the vessel showing an unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of 225 degrees and so fixed as to show the light from right ahead to 22.5 degrees abaft the beam on either side of the vessel, except that on a vessel of less than 12 meters in length the masthead light shall be placed as nearly as practicable to the fore and aft centerline of the vessel.
(b) "Sidelights" means a green light on the starboard side and a red light on the port side each showing an unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of 112.5 degrees and so fixed as to show the light from right ahead to 22.5 degrees abaft the beam on its respective side. In a vessel of less than 20 meters in length the sidelights may be combined in one lantern carried on the fore and aft centerline of the vessel, except that on a vessel of less than 12 meters in length the sidelights when combined in one lantern shall be placed as nearly as practicable to the fore and aft centerline of the vessel.
(c) "Sternlight" means a white light placed as nearly as practicable at the stern showing an unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of 135 degrees and so fixed as to show the light 67.5 degrees from right aft on each side of the vessel.
(d) "Towing light" means a yellow light having the same characteristics as the "sternlight" defined in paragraph (c) of this Rule.
(e) "All-round light" means a light showing an unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of 360 degrees.
(f) "Flashing light" means a light flashing at regular intervals at a frequency of 120 flashes or more per minute.
(g) "Special flashing light" means a yellow light flashing at regular intervals at a frequency of 50 to 70 flashes per minute, placed as far forward and as nearly as practicable on the fore and aft centerline of the tow and showing an unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of not less than 180 degrees nor more than 225 degrees and so fixed as to show the light from right ahead to abeam and no more than 22.5 degrees abaft the beam on either side of the vessel.
Comments Rule 21
The Inland Rules have less restrictive provisions for the masthead light and sidelights on vessels less than 12 meters (39.4 ft.) in length that do not appear in the International Rules.
The high rate of "flashing lights," 120 or more flashes per minute, is specified to prevent confusion with Quick-Flashing lights on aids to navigation, which flash at a nominal rate of 60 per minute.
The "special flashing light" is used in the Inland Rules only it is used to mark the forward end of a barge pushed ahead. Note that its arc of visibility can be slightly different from a masthead light, but is always not less than 180¼.
Rule 22 Visibility of Lights
The lights prescribed in these Rules shall have an intensity as specified in Annex 1 to these Rules, so as to be visible at the following minimum ranges:
(a) In a vessel of 50 meters or more in length:
a masthead light, 6 miles
a sidelight, 3 miles
a sternlight, 3 miles
a towing light, 3 miles
a white, red, green or yellow all-round light, 3 miles, and a special flashing light 2 miles
(b) In a vessel of 12 meters or more in length but less than 50 meters in length:
a masthead light, 5 miles, except where the length of the vessel is less than 20 meters, 3 miles.
a sidelight, 2 miles
a sternlight, 2 miles
a towing light, 2 miles
a white, red, green or yellow all-round light, 2 miles and, a special flashing light 2 miles.
(c) In a vessel of less than 12 meters in length:
a masthead light, 2 miles
a sidelight, 1 mile
a sternlight, 2 miles
a towing light, 2 miles
a white, red, green or yellow all-round light, 2 miles, and a special flashing light, 2 miles.
(d) In an inconspicuous, partly submerged vessel or object being towed: a white all-round light, 3 miles.
Comments Rule 22
The requirement of Rule 22 is the intensity of each navigation light, this is for the guidance of the manufacturers of the hardware. The stated ranges provide a necessary input into the formula used in Annex I to calculate the intensity. A light is "legal" if it meets the intensity requirement of Annex I, even though under some conditions of visibility it cannot be seen at the ranges stated in this Rule for that type of light. The stated ranges also provide guidelines for vessel operators and enforcement agencies in the field.
The Inland Rules state a visibility requirement of two miles for a "special flashing light", this light does not appear in the International Rules. This light is yellow, as is the light for air-cushion vessels when operating in the non-displacement mode, but the frequency of the flashes is different allowing an observer to differentiate between them.
(a)This Rule applies to vessels not in sight of one another when navigating in or near an area of restricted visibility.
(b) Every vessel shall proceed at a safe speed adapted to the prevailing circumstances and conditions of restricted visibility. A power-driven vessel shall have her engines ready for immediate maneuver.
(c) Every vessel shall have due regard to the prevailing circumstances and conditions of restricted visibility when complying with the Rules.
(d) A vessel which detects by radar alone the presence of another vessel shall determine if a close-quarters situation is developing and or risk of collision exists. If so, she shall take avoiding action in ample time, provided that when such action consists of an alteration in course, so far as possible the following shall be avoided:
(i) An alteration of course to port for a vessel forward of the beam, other than for a vessel being overtaken.
(ii) An alteration of course toward a vessel abeam or abaft the beam.
(e) Except where it has been determined that a risk of collision does not exist, every vessel which hears apparently forward of her beam the fog signal of another vessel, or which cannot avoid a close-quarters situation with another vessel forward of her beam, shall reduce her speed to be the minimum at which she can be kept on her course. She shall if necessary take all her way off and in any event navigate with extreme caution until danger of collision is over.
Comments Rule 19
Two considerations must first be met, the vessels must be in or near an area of restricted visibility, and they must not be in sight of each other. A vessel might be in clear weather, but near a fog bank, or might conceal another vessel, this Rule would then be applicable. The range of visibility is not specified, common sense should be used.
The requirement of Rules 19(b) and (e) for a safe speed goes back to Rule 6(a) with its specific conditions and requirement for stopping distance. The requirements of Rule 19(c) tie in with the provisions of Rule 5, Lookouts, Rule 7, Risk of Collision, and Rule 8, Action to Avoid Collision. If you have radar, Rule 19(d) should be read in used with Rule 6(b). Sound signals are required.
Rule 20 Application
(a) Rules in this part shall be complied with in all weathers.
(b)The Rules concerning lights shall be complied with from sunset to sunrise, and during such times no other lights shall be exhibited, except such lights which cannot be mistaken for the lights specified in these Rules or do not impair their visibility or distinctive character, or interfere with the keeping of a proper look-out.
(c)The lights prescribed by these Rules shall, if carried, also be exhibited from sunrise to sunset in restricted visibility and may be exhibited in all other circumstances when it is deemed necessary.
(d)The Rules concerning shapes shall be complied with by day.
Rule 20 Application, Lights and Shapes
(a) Rules in this Part shall be complied with in all weathers.
(b) The Rules concerning lights shall be complied with from sunset to sunrise, and during such times no other lights shall be exhibited, except such lights as cannot be mistaken for the lights specified in these Rules or do not impair their visibility or distinctive character, or interfere with the keeping of a proper lookout.
(c) The lights prescribed by these Rules shall, if carried, also be exhibited from sunrise to sunset in restricted visibility and may be exhibited in all other circumstances when it is deemed necessary.
(d) The Rules concerning shapes shall be complied with by day.
(e) The lights and shapes specified in these Rules shall comply with the provisions of Annex I of these Rules.
Comments Rule 20
For this Rule, "in all weathers" means the state of visibility, good or bad. Navigation lights may be shown at any time during the day. They must be shown in daytime if visibility is restricted and, of course, must be shown at night. "Dayshapes" are for daytime use only.
In order not to complicate the basic Navigation Rules, specifications for lights and shapes, and requirements for the placement of these on vessels, are given in Annex I.
Rule 21 Definitions
(a) "Masthead light" means a white light placed over the fore and aft centerline of the vessel showing an unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of 225 degrees and so fixed as to show the light from right ahead to 22.5 degrees abaft the beam on either side of the vessel, except that on a vessel of less than 12 meters in length the masthead light shall be placed as nearly as practicable to the fore and aft centerline of the vessel.
(b) "Sidelights" means a green light on the starboard side and a red light on the port side each showing an unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of 112.5 degrees and so fixed as to show the light from right ahead to 22.5 degrees abaft the beam on its respective side. In a vessel of less than 20 meters in length the sidelights may be combined in one lantern carried on the fore and aft centerline of the vessel, except that on a vessel of less than 12 meters in length the sidelights when combined in one lantern shall be placed as nearly as practicable to the fore and aft centerline of the vessel.
(c) "Sternlight" means a white light placed as nearly as practicable at the stern showing an unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of 135 degrees and so fixed as to show the light 67.5 degrees from right aft on each side of the vessel.
(d) "Towing light" means a yellow light having the same characteristics as the "sternlight" defined in paragraph (c) of this Rule.
(e) "All-round light" means a light showing an unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of 360 degrees.
(f) "Flashing light" means a light flashing at regular intervals at a frequency of 120 flashes or more per minute.
(g) "Special flashing light" means a yellow light flashing at regular intervals at a frequency of 50 to 70 flashes per minute, placed as far forward and as nearly as practicable on the fore and aft centerline of the tow and showing an unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of not less than 180 degrees nor more than 225 degrees and so fixed as to show the light from right ahead to abeam and no more than 22.5 degrees abaft the beam on either side of the vessel.
Comments Rule 21
The Inland Rules have less restrictive provisions for the masthead light and sidelights on vessels less than 12 meters (39.4 ft.) in length that do not appear in the International Rules.
The high rate of "flashing lights," 120 or more flashes per minute, is specified to prevent confusion with Quick-Flashing lights on aids to navigation, which flash at a nominal rate of 60 per minute.
The "special flashing light" is used in the Inland Rules only it is used to mark the forward end of a barge pushed ahead. Note that its arc of visibility can be slightly different from a masthead light, but is always not less than 180¼.
Rule 22 Visibility of Lights
The lights prescribed in these Rules shall have an intensity as specified in Annex 1 to these Rules, so as to be visible at the following minimum ranges:
(a) In a vessel of 50 meters or more in length:
a masthead light, 6 miles
a sidelight, 3 miles
a sternlight, 3 miles
a towing light, 3 miles
a white, red, green or yellow all-round light, 3 miles, and a special flashing light 2 miles
(b) In a vessel of 12 meters or more in length but less than 50 meters in length:
a masthead light, 5 miles, except where the length of the vessel is less than 20 meters, 3 miles.
a sidelight, 2 miles
a sternlight, 2 miles
a towing light, 2 miles
a white, red, green or yellow all-round light, 2 miles and, a special flashing light 2 miles.
(c) In a vessel of less than 12 meters in length:
a masthead light, 2 miles
a sidelight, 1 mile
a sternlight, 2 miles
a towing light, 2 miles
a white, red, green or yellow all-round light, 2 miles, and a special flashing light, 2 miles.
(d) In an inconspicuous, partly submerged vessel or object being towed: a white all-round light, 3 miles.
Comments Rule 22
The requirement of Rule 22 is the intensity of each navigation light, this is for the guidance of the manufacturers of the hardware. The stated ranges provide a necessary input into the formula used in Annex I to calculate the intensity. A light is "legal" if it meets the intensity requirement of Annex I, even though under some conditions of visibility it cannot be seen at the ranges stated in this Rule for that type of light. The stated ranges also provide guidelines for vessel operators and enforcement agencies in the field.
The Inland Rules state a visibility requirement of two miles for a "special flashing light", this light does not appear in the International Rules. This light is yellow, as is the light for air-cushion vessels when operating in the non-displacement mode, but the frequency of the flashes is different allowing an observer to differentiate between them.
Friday, April 10, 2009
Power Driven Vessels Underway (Rule 23)
Rule 23: This Rule establishes what might be termed the basic requirements for navigation lights, sometimes called "running lights," for vessels underway. There are differences between the International and Inland Rules. The Inland Rules have more options regarding placement.
A WIG craft only when taking off, landing and in flight near the surface shall, in addition to the lights prescribed in paragraph (a) of this Rule, exhibit a high intensity all-round flashing red light. WING-IN-GROUND CRAFT. A wing-in-ground (WIG) craft is defined as a vessel capable of operating completely above the surface of the water on a dynamic air cushion created by aerodynamic lift due to the ground effect between the vessel and the water’s surface. WIG craft are capable of operating at speeds in excess of 100 knots.
Note: The International Rules have provision for craft less than 7 meters long operating at speeds not greater than 7 knots (the vessel can be capable of greater speeds, but must not be operated at more than 7 knots while using this Rule). This provision does not appear in the Inland Rules. The Inland Rules contain a special provision for vessels on the Great Lakes that does not appear in the International Rules.
No where in Rule 23 does the term "range lights" appear, but the two masthead lights, where fitted on larger vessels, do form a range similar to that established by two aids to navigation. This "range" helps in determining the orientation of a ship seen at a distance at night, the white masthead lights can be seen at a greater distance than the red and green sidelights.
No where in Rule 23 does the term "range lights" appear, but the two masthead lights, where fitted on larger vessels, do form a range similar to that established by two aids to navigation. This "range" helps in determining the orientation of a ship seen at a distance at night, the white masthead lights can be seen at a greater distance than the red and green sidelights.
In October, 1996, Inland Rule 23(a)(i) was changed. The revised Rule eliminates the exception for vessels less than 20 meters in length, these craft must now have their masthead light located in the forward half of the vessel. The Rule is now comparable with the corresponding International Rule.
A power-driven vessel underway shall exhibit:
a masthead light forward.
a second masthead light abaft of and higher than the forward one, except that a vessel of less than 50 meters in length shall not be obliged to exhibit such a light but may do so.
sidelights and a stern light.
a masthead light forward.
a second masthead light abaft of and higher than the forward one, except that a vessel of less than 50 meters in length shall not be obliged to exhibit such a light but may do so.
sidelights and a stern light.
An air-cushion vessel when operating in nondisplacement mode shall, in addition to the lights prescribed in this Rule, exhibit an all-round flashing yellow light, where it can best be seen.
A WIG craft only when taking off, landing and in flight near the surface shall, in addition to the lights prescribed in paragraph (a) of this Rule, exhibit a high intensity all-round flashing red light. WING-IN-GROUND CRAFT. A wing-in-ground (WIG) craft is defined as a vessel capable of operating completely above the surface of the water on a dynamic air cushion created by aerodynamic lift due to the ground effect between the vessel and the water’s surface. WIG craft are capable of operating at speeds in excess of 100 knots.
Presently, there are no Coast Guard safety standards for WIG craft. The Coast Guard has started the process of developing safety standards that will address the design, construction, operation, licensing and maintenance of WIG craft with further assistance from the Federal Aviation Administration. Additionally, the United States is working with the International Maritime Organization (IMO) to develop international standards for WIG craft.
A power-driven vessel of less than 12 meters in length may exhibit an all-round white light and sidelights.
a power-driven vessel of less than 7 meters in length whose maximum speed does not exceed 7 knots may exhibit an all-round white light and, if practicable, sidelights. The masthead light or all-round white light on a power-driven vessel of less than 12 meters in length may be displaced from the fore and aft centerline of the vessel if centerline fitting is not practicable, provided the sidelights are combined in one lantern which shall be carried on the fore and aft centerline of the vessel or located as nearly as practicable in the same fore and aft line as the masthead light or the all-round white light.
A power-driven vessel when operating on the Great Lakes may carry an all-round white light in lieu of the second masthead light and sternlight prescribed in this Rule. The light shall be carried in the position of the second masthead light and be visible at the same minimum range.
Tuesday, April 7, 2009
Conduct of Vessels in Sight of One Another
Rules in this section apply to vessels in sight of one another.
Rule 12 Sailing Vessels
(a) When two sailing vessels are approaching one another, so as to involve risk of collision, one of them shall keep out of the way of the other as follows:
When each has the wind on a different side, the vessel which has the wind on the port side shall keep out of the way of the other. When both have the wind on the same side, the vessel which is to windward shall keep out of the way of the vessel which is to leeward. If a vessel with the wind on the port side sees a vessel to windward and cannot determine with certainty whether the other vessel has the wind on the port or on the starboard side, she shall keep out of the way of the other.
(b) For the purposes of this Rule the windward side shall be deemed to be the side opposite that on which the mainsail is carried or, in the case of a square-rigged vessel, the side opposite to that on which the largest fore-and-aft sail is carried.
Vessels shall be deemed to be in sight of one another only when one can be observed visually from the other.
The term "sailing vessel" means any vessel under sail provided that propelling machinery, if fitted, is not being used.
Comments Rule 12
In considering the status of two vessels coming into a situation where danger of collision might exist, the Navigation Rules now use the terms "stand-on" and "give-way." The terms "privileged" and "burdened" are no longer in the Rules. Also the term "right-of-way" for one vessel over another does not appear anywhere in either set of Rules.
This Rule requires that a sailing vessel that cannot determine whether or not she should keep out of the way of the other must assume that she should and act accordingly. This is an excellent consideration for any situation of two vessels of any type or size meeting each other.
Rule 13 Overtaking
(a) Notwithstanding anything contained in the Rules [of Part B, Sections I and II / 4 through 18], any vessel overtaking any other shall keep out of the way of the vessel being overtaken.
(b) A vessel shall be deemed to be overtaking when coming up with a another vessel from a direction more than 22.5 degrees abaft her beam, that is, in such a position with reference to the vessel she is overtaking, that at night she would be able to see only the sternlight of that vessel but neither of her sidelights.
(c) When a vessel is in any doubt as to whether she is overtaking another, she shall assume that this is the case and act accordingly.
(d) Any subsequent alteration of the bearing between the two vessels shall not make the overtaking vessel a crossing vessel within the meaning of these Rules or relieve her of the duty of keeping clear of the overtaken vessel until she is finally past and clear.
Comments Rule 13
The zone in which a vessel is deemed to be "overtaking" is the same as that defined for the arc of visibility of the overtaken vessel's sternlight. A vessel coming up astern of a slower vessel is considered to have greater maneuverability and is the "give-way" vessel. She must take appropriate action until she is finally past and well clear of the overtaken vessel.
Although not a part of this Rule, it is required that an overtaking vessel indicate its desire to pass with a whistle signal and get the consent of the overtaken vessel to be passed, Note Rule 34(c). This is required by the Inland Rules for all waters, but by the International Rules only in a narrow channel or fairway. Many vessels use the VHF radio usually on Channel 13, instead of whistle signals, which are "I will pass you on one whistle or two whistles if that agrees with you." (Note Rule 34(h).
Rule 14
(a) Unless otherwise agreed when two power-driven vessels are meeting on reciprocal or nearly reciprocal courses so as to involve risk of collision each shall alter her course to starboard so that each shall pass on the port side of the other.
(b) Such a situation shall be deemed to exist when a vessel sees the other ahead or nearly ahead and by night she could see the masthead lights of the other in a line or nearly in a line and or both sidelights and by day she observes the corresponding aspect of the other vessel.
(c) When a vessel is in any doubt as to whether such a situation exists she shall assume that it does exist and act accordingly.
(d) Notwithstanding paragraph (a) of this Rule, a power-driven vessel operating on the Great Lakes, Western Rivers, or waters specified by the Secretary, and proceeding downbound with a following current shall have the right-of-way over an upbound vessel, shall propose the manner of passage, and shall initiate the maneuvering signals prescribed by Rule 34(a)(i), as appropriate.
Comments Rule 14
Meeting is defined as "head-on or nearly head-on, their have been cases where courts have accepted as meeting situations where each vessel was in a forward arc of not greater than one point (11 1/4°).
Meeting is a more urgent matter than overtaking because the rate of closure is the sum of the speed of each vessel not the difference. If a vessel is in any doubt that in a meeting situation, she should assume that it is and act accordingly, steering to the right. Neither vessel is "stand-on" or "give-way" both have responsibilities. This Rule applies only to power-driven vessels meeting other power-driven vessels, a meeting of a power-driven vessel with a sailing vessel is not covered. Meetings are normally "port-to-port," but the Inland Rules do allow for deviation if agreed to by both vessels this is likely to occur in rivers and channels.
Rule 15
When two power-driven vessels are crossing so as to involve risk of collision, the vessel which has the other on her own starboard side shall keep out of the way and shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, avoid crossing ahead of the other vessel.
(b) Not with standing paragraph (a), on the Great Lakes, Western Rivers, or water specified by the Secretary, a power-driven vessel crossing a river shall keep out of the way of a power-driven vessel ascending or descending the river.
Comments Rule 15
If the situation between two vessels encountering each other does not fit the definitions of overtaking or meeting, then it must be "crossing." For this Rule to be applicable, there has to be a "risk of collision" no risk no need to apply the Rule, but it is better to be safe than sorry.
This is the Rule that has led to the principle of a "danger zone," from dead ahead to two points (22 1/2°) abaft the beam on the starboard side the same arc as covered by the green sidelight. If you see another vessel in your danger zone, with risk of collision, you must yield to her and take action. This only applies too visual contacts, if you see another vessel by radar, then Rule 19 takes over.
Note that Inland Rule 15(b), applicable in specified, but not all, inland waters, requires that a power-driven vessel crossing a river keep out of the way of another power-driven vessel going either up or downstream. There is no consideration of the relative maneuverability of the vessels, nor of which has the other on its starboard side. There is no corresponding International Rule. In October, 1996, Inland Rule 15(b) was changed. It now applies only to a power-driven vessel crossing a river. There is no corresponding International Rule.
Rule 16 Action by Give-way Vessel
Every vessel which is directed to keep out of the way of another vessel shall, so far as possible, take early and substantial action to keep well clear.
Comments Rule 16
Having stated in Rules 12 through 15 which sailing or power-driven vessel must give way to another vessel in various situations, this Rule now says how the give-way vessel must act. Early action will not only lessen the danger of collision, but will also be more apparent to the operator of the stand-on vessel.
Rule 17
Where one of two vessels is to keep out of the way, the other shall keep her course and speed.
The latter vessel may however take action to avoid collision by her maneuver alone, as soon as it becomes apparent to her that the vessel required to keep out of the way is not taking appropriate action in compliance with these Rules.
(b) When, from any cause, the vessel required to keep her course and speed finds herself so close that collision cannot be avoided by the action of the give-way vessel alone, she shall take such action as will best aid to avoid collision.
(c) A power-driven vessel which takes action in a crossing situation in accordance with subparagraph (a)(ii) of this Rule to avoid collision with another power-driven vessel shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, not alter course to port for a vessel on her own port side.
(d)This Rule does not relieve the give-way vessel of her obligation to keep out of the way.
Rule 18 Responsibilities Between Vessels
(a) A power-driven vessel underway shall keep out of the way of:
a vessel not under command
a vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver
a vessel engaged in fishing
a sailing vessel
(b) A sailing vessel underway shall keep out of the way of:
a vessel not under command
a vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver
a vessel engaged in fishing.
(c) A vessel engaged in fishing when underway shall, so far as possible, keep out of the way of:
a vessel not under command
a vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver
Any vessel other than a vessel not under command or a vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, avoid impeding the safe passage of a vessel constrained by her draft, exhibiting the signals in Rule 28. A vessel constrained by her draft shall navigate with particular caution having full regard to her special condition. A seaplane on the water shall, in general, keep well clear of all vessels and avoid impeding their navigation. In circumstances where risk of collision exists, she shall comply with the Rules of this Part.
(i) A WIG craft shall, when taking off, landing and in flight near the surface, keep well clear of all other vessels and avoid impeding their navigation.
(ii) a WIG craft operating on the water surface shall comply with the Rules of this Part as a power-driven vessel.
Comments Rule 18
These lists called the "pecking order" between various types of vessels for situations not involving narrow channels, Traffic Separation Schemes, and the overtaking Rule.
A vessel "not under command" is usually one that has suffered a loss of propulsion or steering control. A vessel "restricted in her ability to maneuver" would be a dredge, one laying an underwater cable, a Coast Guard vessel servicing an aid to navigation, etc.
(1) A vessel under sail does not have the privileges of that category if she is also being propelled by machinery and, (2) a sport-fishing boat with trolling lines out is not a "vessel engaged in fishing."
International Rule 18(e) and Inland Rule 18(d), in practical terms, apply to a seaplane taxiing on the water. Such aircraft, when taking off and landing, are unable to maneuver to keep clear of vessels.
Rule 12 Sailing Vessels
(a) When two sailing vessels are approaching one another, so as to involve risk of collision, one of them shall keep out of the way of the other as follows:
When each has the wind on a different side, the vessel which has the wind on the port side shall keep out of the way of the other. When both have the wind on the same side, the vessel which is to windward shall keep out of the way of the vessel which is to leeward. If a vessel with the wind on the port side sees a vessel to windward and cannot determine with certainty whether the other vessel has the wind on the port or on the starboard side, she shall keep out of the way of the other.
(b) For the purposes of this Rule the windward side shall be deemed to be the side opposite that on which the mainsail is carried or, in the case of a square-rigged vessel, the side opposite to that on which the largest fore-and-aft sail is carried.
Vessels shall be deemed to be in sight of one another only when one can be observed visually from the other.
The term "sailing vessel" means any vessel under sail provided that propelling machinery, if fitted, is not being used.
Comments Rule 12
In considering the status of two vessels coming into a situation where danger of collision might exist, the Navigation Rules now use the terms "stand-on" and "give-way." The terms "privileged" and "burdened" are no longer in the Rules. Also the term "right-of-way" for one vessel over another does not appear anywhere in either set of Rules.
This Rule requires that a sailing vessel that cannot determine whether or not she should keep out of the way of the other must assume that she should and act accordingly. This is an excellent consideration for any situation of two vessels of any type or size meeting each other.
Rule 13 Overtaking
(a) Notwithstanding anything contained in the Rules [of Part B, Sections I and II / 4 through 18], any vessel overtaking any other shall keep out of the way of the vessel being overtaken.
(b) A vessel shall be deemed to be overtaking when coming up with a another vessel from a direction more than 22.5 degrees abaft her beam, that is, in such a position with reference to the vessel she is overtaking, that at night she would be able to see only the sternlight of that vessel but neither of her sidelights.
(c) When a vessel is in any doubt as to whether she is overtaking another, she shall assume that this is the case and act accordingly.
(d) Any subsequent alteration of the bearing between the two vessels shall not make the overtaking vessel a crossing vessel within the meaning of these Rules or relieve her of the duty of keeping clear of the overtaken vessel until she is finally past and clear.
Comments Rule 13
The zone in which a vessel is deemed to be "overtaking" is the same as that defined for the arc of visibility of the overtaken vessel's sternlight. A vessel coming up astern of a slower vessel is considered to have greater maneuverability and is the "give-way" vessel. She must take appropriate action until she is finally past and well clear of the overtaken vessel.
Although not a part of this Rule, it is required that an overtaking vessel indicate its desire to pass with a whistle signal and get the consent of the overtaken vessel to be passed, Note Rule 34(c). This is required by the Inland Rules for all waters, but by the International Rules only in a narrow channel or fairway. Many vessels use the VHF radio usually on Channel 13, instead of whistle signals, which are "I will pass you on one whistle or two whistles if that agrees with you." (Note Rule 34(h).
Rule 14
(a) Unless otherwise agreed when two power-driven vessels are meeting on reciprocal or nearly reciprocal courses so as to involve risk of collision each shall alter her course to starboard so that each shall pass on the port side of the other.
(b) Such a situation shall be deemed to exist when a vessel sees the other ahead or nearly ahead and by night she could see the masthead lights of the other in a line or nearly in a line and or both sidelights and by day she observes the corresponding aspect of the other vessel.
(c) When a vessel is in any doubt as to whether such a situation exists she shall assume that it does exist and act accordingly.
(d) Notwithstanding paragraph (a) of this Rule, a power-driven vessel operating on the Great Lakes, Western Rivers, or waters specified by the Secretary, and proceeding downbound with a following current shall have the right-of-way over an upbound vessel, shall propose the manner of passage, and shall initiate the maneuvering signals prescribed by Rule 34(a)(i), as appropriate.
Comments Rule 14
Meeting is defined as "head-on or nearly head-on, their have been cases where courts have accepted as meeting situations where each vessel was in a forward arc of not greater than one point (11 1/4°).
Meeting is a more urgent matter than overtaking because the rate of closure is the sum of the speed of each vessel not the difference. If a vessel is in any doubt that in a meeting situation, she should assume that it is and act accordingly, steering to the right. Neither vessel is "stand-on" or "give-way" both have responsibilities. This Rule applies only to power-driven vessels meeting other power-driven vessels, a meeting of a power-driven vessel with a sailing vessel is not covered. Meetings are normally "port-to-port," but the Inland Rules do allow for deviation if agreed to by both vessels this is likely to occur in rivers and channels.
Rule 15
When two power-driven vessels are crossing so as to involve risk of collision, the vessel which has the other on her own starboard side shall keep out of the way and shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, avoid crossing ahead of the other vessel.
(b) Not with standing paragraph (a), on the Great Lakes, Western Rivers, or water specified by the Secretary, a power-driven vessel crossing a river shall keep out of the way of a power-driven vessel ascending or descending the river.
Comments Rule 15
If the situation between two vessels encountering each other does not fit the definitions of overtaking or meeting, then it must be "crossing." For this Rule to be applicable, there has to be a "risk of collision" no risk no need to apply the Rule, but it is better to be safe than sorry.
This is the Rule that has led to the principle of a "danger zone," from dead ahead to two points (22 1/2°) abaft the beam on the starboard side the same arc as covered by the green sidelight. If you see another vessel in your danger zone, with risk of collision, you must yield to her and take action. This only applies too visual contacts, if you see another vessel by radar, then Rule 19 takes over.
Note that Inland Rule 15(b), applicable in specified, but not all, inland waters, requires that a power-driven vessel crossing a river keep out of the way of another power-driven vessel going either up or downstream. There is no consideration of the relative maneuverability of the vessels, nor of which has the other on its starboard side. There is no corresponding International Rule. In October, 1996, Inland Rule 15(b) was changed. It now applies only to a power-driven vessel crossing a river. There is no corresponding International Rule.
Rule 16 Action by Give-way Vessel
Every vessel which is directed to keep out of the way of another vessel shall, so far as possible, take early and substantial action to keep well clear.
Comments Rule 16
Having stated in Rules 12 through 15 which sailing or power-driven vessel must give way to another vessel in various situations, this Rule now says how the give-way vessel must act. Early action will not only lessen the danger of collision, but will also be more apparent to the operator of the stand-on vessel.
Rule 17
Where one of two vessels is to keep out of the way, the other shall keep her course and speed.
The latter vessel may however take action to avoid collision by her maneuver alone, as soon as it becomes apparent to her that the vessel required to keep out of the way is not taking appropriate action in compliance with these Rules.
(b) When, from any cause, the vessel required to keep her course and speed finds herself so close that collision cannot be avoided by the action of the give-way vessel alone, she shall take such action as will best aid to avoid collision.
(c) A power-driven vessel which takes action in a crossing situation in accordance with subparagraph (a)(ii) of this Rule to avoid collision with another power-driven vessel shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, not alter course to port for a vessel on her own port side.
(d)This Rule does not relieve the give-way vessel of her obligation to keep out of the way.
Rule 18 Responsibilities Between Vessels
(a) A power-driven vessel underway shall keep out of the way of:
a vessel not under command
a vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver
a vessel engaged in fishing
a sailing vessel
(b) A sailing vessel underway shall keep out of the way of:
a vessel not under command
a vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver
a vessel engaged in fishing.
(c) A vessel engaged in fishing when underway shall, so far as possible, keep out of the way of:
a vessel not under command
a vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver
Any vessel other than a vessel not under command or a vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, avoid impeding the safe passage of a vessel constrained by her draft, exhibiting the signals in Rule 28. A vessel constrained by her draft shall navigate with particular caution having full regard to her special condition. A seaplane on the water shall, in general, keep well clear of all vessels and avoid impeding their navigation. In circumstances where risk of collision exists, she shall comply with the Rules of this Part.
(i) A WIG craft shall, when taking off, landing and in flight near the surface, keep well clear of all other vessels and avoid impeding their navigation.
(ii) a WIG craft operating on the water surface shall comply with the Rules of this Part as a power-driven vessel.
Comments Rule 18
These lists called the "pecking order" between various types of vessels for situations not involving narrow channels, Traffic Separation Schemes, and the overtaking Rule.
A vessel "not under command" is usually one that has suffered a loss of propulsion or steering control. A vessel "restricted in her ability to maneuver" would be a dredge, one laying an underwater cable, a Coast Guard vessel servicing an aid to navigation, etc.
(1) A vessel under sail does not have the privileges of that category if she is also being propelled by machinery and, (2) a sport-fishing boat with trolling lines out is not a "vessel engaged in fishing."
International Rule 18(e) and Inland Rule 18(d), in practical terms, apply to a seaplane taxiing on the water. Such aircraft, when taking off and landing, are unable to maneuver to keep clear of vessels.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)