This Rule covers both "towing," which means towing astern on a hawser or cable or with the towed vessel alongside, and "pushing," which means only pushing the "towed" vessel ahead of the towing vessel.
To determine the need for different lights and dayshapes for longer tows, the distance is measured from the stern of the towing vessel to the stern of the towed vessel which is the sum of the length of the towline and the towed vessel.
The lights seen from astern of vessels pushing ahead or towing alongside are different in waters governed by the Inland and by the International Rules.
The two masthead lights for towing vessels with tows of 200 meters or less, and the three masthead lights used with longer tows, can be shown either forward or aft on towing vessels 50 meters or more in length. If multiple lights are shown forward, there will be a single, higher masthead light aft, if the two or three lights are shown aft, there will be a single, lower masthead light forward. The single masthead light is not required of shorter towing vessels, but may be shown.
The diamond dayshape required on the towed vessel or object for tows over 200 meters in length has no corresponding light for nighttime. Also the diamond shape is shown only on the towed vessel or object, and not on the towing vessel even though the triple masthead lights may not be noticeable during the day (these lights will normally be shown in the daytime, although not required by the Rules).
Rule 24 Towing and Pushing
(a) A power-driven vessel when towing astern shall exhibit:
(i) instead of the light prescribed either in Rule 23 (a)(i) or 23(a)(ii), two masthead lights in a vertical line. When the length of the tow, measuring from the stern of the towing vessel to the after end of the tow exceeds 200 meters, three such lights in a vertical line;
(ii) sidelights;
(iii) a sternlight;
(iv) a towing light in a vertical line above the sternlight; and
(v) when the length of the tow exceeds 200 meters, a diamond shape where it can best be seen.
(b) When a pushing vessel and a vessel being pushed ahead are rigidly connected in a composite unit they shall be regarded as a power-driven vessel and exhibit the lights prescribed in Rule 23.
(c) A power-driven vessel, when pushing ahead or towing alongside, except as required by paragraphs (b) and (i) of this Rule, shall exhibit:
(i) instead of the light prescribed either in Rule 23(a)(i) or 23(a)(ii), two masthead lights in a vertical line;
(ii) sidelights; and
(iii) two towing lights in a vertical line.
(d) A power-driven vessel to which paragraphs (a) or (c) of this Rule apply shall also comply with Rule 23(a)(i) and 23(a)(ii).
(e) A vessel or object other than those referred to in paragraph (g) of this Rule being towed shall exhibit:
(i) sidelights;
(ii) a sternlight; and
(iii) when the length of the tow exceeds 200 meters, a diamond shape where it can best be seen.
(f) Provided that any number of vessels being towed alongside or pushed in a group shall be lighted as one vessel, except as provided in paragraph (iii):
(i) a vessel being pushed ahead, not being part of a composite unit, shall exhibit at the forward end, sidelights and a special flashing light;
(ii) a vessel being towed alongside shall exhibit a sternlight and, at the forward end, sidelights and a special flashing light; and
(iii) when vessels are towed alongside on both sides of the towing vessel, a sternlight shall be exhibited on the stern of the outside vessel on each side of the towing vessel, and a single set of sidelights as far forward and as far outboard as is practicable, and a single special flashing light.
(g) An inconspicuous, partly submerged vessel or object being towed shall exhibit:
(i) if it is less than 25 meters in breadth, one all-round white light at or near each end;
(ii) if it is 25 meters or more in breadth, four all-round white lights to mark its length and breadth;
(iii) if it exceeds 100 meters in length, additional all-round white lights between the lights prescribed in subparagraphs (i) and (ii), so that the distance between the lights shall not exceed 100 meters: Provided, that any vessels or objects being towed alongside each other shall be lighted as one vessel or object;
(iv) a diamond shape at or near the aftermost extremity of the last vessel or object being towed; and
(v) the towing vessel may direct a searchlight in the direction of the tow to indicate its presence to an approaching vessel.
(h) Where from any sufficient cause it is impracticable for a vessel or object being towed to exhibit the lights prescribed in paragraph (e) or (g) of this Rule, all possible measures shall be taken to light the vessel or object towed, or at least to indicate the presence of the unlighted vessel or object.
(i) Notwithstanding paragraph (c), on the Western Rivers (except below the Huey P. Long Bridge on the Mississippi River) and on waters specified by the Secretary, a power-driven vessel when pushing ahead or towing alongside, except as paragraph (b) applies, shall exhibit:
(ii) sidelights; and
(iii) two towing lights in a vertical line.
(j) Where from any sufficient cause it is impracticable for a vessel not normally engaged in towing operations to display the lights prescribed by paragraph (a), (c), or (i) of this Rule, such vessel shall not be required to exhibit those lights when engaged in towing another vessel in distress or otherwise in need of assistance. All possible measures shall be taken to indicate the nature of the relationship between the towing vessel and the vessel being assisted. The searchlight authorized by Rule 36 may be used to illuminate the tow.
Monday, April 13, 2009
Sunday, April 12, 2009
Towing and Pushing (Rule 24 Lights)
Vessel being pushed ahead, not being part of a composite unit. International
Power-driven vessel towing astern - towing vessel less than 50 meters in length; length of tow 200 meters or less.
Dracone being towed
Power-driven vessel towing astern - towing vessel less than 50 meters in length; length of tow exceeds 200 meters.
Composite Unit 50m or greater.
Composite Unit underway - less than 50m in length.
Power-driven vessel pushing ahead or towing alongside - towing vessel less than 50 meters in length. International
Composite Unit underway - less than 50m in length.
Power-driven vessel pushing ahead or towing alongside - towing vessel less than 50 meters in length. International
Power-driven vessel pushing ahead or towing alongside - towing vessel less than 50 meters in length. Inland
Power-driven vessel towing astern - length of tow 200 meters or less. The after masthead light is optional for vessel less than 50 meters in length.
Power-driven vessel towing astern - length of tow 200 meters or less. The after masthead light is optional for vessel less than 50 meters in length.
Power-driven vessel towing astern - length of tow 200 meters or less. When masthead lights for towing or pushing are exhibited aft, a forward masthead light is required.
Vessel being towed - length of tow 200 meters or less.
Vessel being towed - length of tow 200 meters or less.
Vessel or object being towed - length of tow exceeds 200 meters.
Vessel being towed alongside. International
Vessel being pushed ahead, not being part of a composite unit. Inland
Vessel being towed alongside. Inland
Dracone being towed
Power-driven vessel pushing ahead on Western Rivers. (above the Huey P. Long Bridge on the Mississippi River) Inland
This Rule covers both "towing," which means towing astern on a hawser or cable or with the towed vessel alongside, and "pushing," which means only pushing the "towed" vessel ahead of the towing vessel.
For determining the need for different lights and dayshapes for longer tows, the distance is measured from the stern of the towing vessel to the stern of the towed vessel which is the sum of the length of the towline and the towed vessel.
Note that the lights seen from astern of vessels pushing ahead or towing alongside are different in waters governed by the Inland and by the International Rules.
Also the two masthead lights for towing vessels with tows of 200 meters or less, and the three masthead lights used with longer tows, may be shown either forward or aft on towing vessels 50 meters or more in length. If the multiple lights are shown forward, there will be a single, higher masthead light aft, if the two or three lights are shown aft, there will be a single, lower masthead light forward. The single masthead light is not required of shorter towing vessels, but may be shown.
The diamond dayshape required on the towed vessel or object for tows over 200 meters in length has no corresponding light for nighttime. Note also that the diamond shape is shown only on the towed vessel or object, and not on the towing vessel even though the triple masthead lights may not be noticeable during the day (these lights will normally be shown in the daytime, although not required by the Rules).
Saturday, April 11, 2009
Conduct of Vessel in Restricted Visibility
Rule 19
(a)This Rule applies to vessels not in sight of one another when navigating in or near an area of restricted visibility.
(b) Every vessel shall proceed at a safe speed adapted to the prevailing circumstances and conditions of restricted visibility. A power-driven vessel shall have her engines ready for immediate maneuver.
(c) Every vessel shall have due regard to the prevailing circumstances and conditions of restricted visibility when complying with the Rules.
(d) A vessel which detects by radar alone the presence of another vessel shall determine if a close-quarters situation is developing and or risk of collision exists. If so, she shall take avoiding action in ample time, provided that when such action consists of an alteration in course, so far as possible the following shall be avoided:
(i) An alteration of course to port for a vessel forward of the beam, other than for a vessel being overtaken.
(ii) An alteration of course toward a vessel abeam or abaft the beam.
(e) Except where it has been determined that a risk of collision does not exist, every vessel which hears apparently forward of her beam the fog signal of another vessel, or which cannot avoid a close-quarters situation with another vessel forward of her beam, shall reduce her speed to be the minimum at which she can be kept on her course. She shall if necessary take all her way off and in any event navigate with extreme caution until danger of collision is over.
Comments Rule 19
Two considerations must first be met, the vessels must be in or near an area of restricted visibility, and they must not be in sight of each other. A vessel might be in clear weather, but near a fog bank, or might conceal another vessel, this Rule would then be applicable. The range of visibility is not specified, common sense should be used.
The requirement of Rules 19(b) and (e) for a safe speed goes back to Rule 6(a) with its specific conditions and requirement for stopping distance. The requirements of Rule 19(c) tie in with the provisions of Rule 5, Lookouts, Rule 7, Risk of Collision, and Rule 8, Action to Avoid Collision. If you have radar, Rule 19(d) should be read in used with Rule 6(b). Sound signals are required.
Rule 20 Application
(a) Rules in this part shall be complied with in all weathers.
(b)The Rules concerning lights shall be complied with from sunset to sunrise, and during such times no other lights shall be exhibited, except such lights which cannot be mistaken for the lights specified in these Rules or do not impair their visibility or distinctive character, or interfere with the keeping of a proper look-out.
(c)The lights prescribed by these Rules shall, if carried, also be exhibited from sunrise to sunset in restricted visibility and may be exhibited in all other circumstances when it is deemed necessary.
(d)The Rules concerning shapes shall be complied with by day.
Rule 20 Application, Lights and Shapes
(a) Rules in this Part shall be complied with in all weathers.
(b) The Rules concerning lights shall be complied with from sunset to sunrise, and during such times no other lights shall be exhibited, except such lights as cannot be mistaken for the lights specified in these Rules or do not impair their visibility or distinctive character, or interfere with the keeping of a proper lookout.
(c) The lights prescribed by these Rules shall, if carried, also be exhibited from sunrise to sunset in restricted visibility and may be exhibited in all other circumstances when it is deemed necessary.
(d) The Rules concerning shapes shall be complied with by day.
(e) The lights and shapes specified in these Rules shall comply with the provisions of Annex I of these Rules.
Comments Rule 20
For this Rule, "in all weathers" means the state of visibility, good or bad. Navigation lights may be shown at any time during the day. They must be shown in daytime if visibility is restricted and, of course, must be shown at night. "Dayshapes" are for daytime use only.
In order not to complicate the basic Navigation Rules, specifications for lights and shapes, and requirements for the placement of these on vessels, are given in Annex I.
Rule 21 Definitions
(a) "Masthead light" means a white light placed over the fore and aft centerline of the vessel showing an unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of 225 degrees and so fixed as to show the light from right ahead to 22.5 degrees abaft the beam on either side of the vessel, except that on a vessel of less than 12 meters in length the masthead light shall be placed as nearly as practicable to the fore and aft centerline of the vessel.
(b) "Sidelights" means a green light on the starboard side and a red light on the port side each showing an unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of 112.5 degrees and so fixed as to show the light from right ahead to 22.5 degrees abaft the beam on its respective side. In a vessel of less than 20 meters in length the sidelights may be combined in one lantern carried on the fore and aft centerline of the vessel, except that on a vessel of less than 12 meters in length the sidelights when combined in one lantern shall be placed as nearly as practicable to the fore and aft centerline of the vessel.
(c) "Sternlight" means a white light placed as nearly as practicable at the stern showing an unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of 135 degrees and so fixed as to show the light 67.5 degrees from right aft on each side of the vessel.
(d) "Towing light" means a yellow light having the same characteristics as the "sternlight" defined in paragraph (c) of this Rule.
(e) "All-round light" means a light showing an unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of 360 degrees.
(f) "Flashing light" means a light flashing at regular intervals at a frequency of 120 flashes or more per minute.
(g) "Special flashing light" means a yellow light flashing at regular intervals at a frequency of 50 to 70 flashes per minute, placed as far forward and as nearly as practicable on the fore and aft centerline of the tow and showing an unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of not less than 180 degrees nor more than 225 degrees and so fixed as to show the light from right ahead to abeam and no more than 22.5 degrees abaft the beam on either side of the vessel.
Comments Rule 21
The Inland Rules have less restrictive provisions for the masthead light and sidelights on vessels less than 12 meters (39.4 ft.) in length that do not appear in the International Rules.
The high rate of "flashing lights," 120 or more flashes per minute, is specified to prevent confusion with Quick-Flashing lights on aids to navigation, which flash at a nominal rate of 60 per minute.
The "special flashing light" is used in the Inland Rules only it is used to mark the forward end of a barge pushed ahead. Note that its arc of visibility can be slightly different from a masthead light, but is always not less than 180¼.
Rule 22 Visibility of Lights
The lights prescribed in these Rules shall have an intensity as specified in Annex 1 to these Rules, so as to be visible at the following minimum ranges:
(a) In a vessel of 50 meters or more in length:
a masthead light, 6 miles
a sidelight, 3 miles
a sternlight, 3 miles
a towing light, 3 miles
a white, red, green or yellow all-round light, 3 miles, and a special flashing light 2 miles
(b) In a vessel of 12 meters or more in length but less than 50 meters in length:
a masthead light, 5 miles, except where the length of the vessel is less than 20 meters, 3 miles.
a sidelight, 2 miles
a sternlight, 2 miles
a towing light, 2 miles
a white, red, green or yellow all-round light, 2 miles and, a special flashing light 2 miles.
(c) In a vessel of less than 12 meters in length:
a masthead light, 2 miles
a sidelight, 1 mile
a sternlight, 2 miles
a towing light, 2 miles
a white, red, green or yellow all-round light, 2 miles, and a special flashing light, 2 miles.
(d) In an inconspicuous, partly submerged vessel or object being towed: a white all-round light, 3 miles.
Comments Rule 22
The requirement of Rule 22 is the intensity of each navigation light, this is for the guidance of the manufacturers of the hardware. The stated ranges provide a necessary input into the formula used in Annex I to calculate the intensity. A light is "legal" if it meets the intensity requirement of Annex I, even though under some conditions of visibility it cannot be seen at the ranges stated in this Rule for that type of light. The stated ranges also provide guidelines for vessel operators and enforcement agencies in the field.
The Inland Rules state a visibility requirement of two miles for a "special flashing light", this light does not appear in the International Rules. This light is yellow, as is the light for air-cushion vessels when operating in the non-displacement mode, but the frequency of the flashes is different allowing an observer to differentiate between them.
(a)This Rule applies to vessels not in sight of one another when navigating in or near an area of restricted visibility.
(b) Every vessel shall proceed at a safe speed adapted to the prevailing circumstances and conditions of restricted visibility. A power-driven vessel shall have her engines ready for immediate maneuver.
(c) Every vessel shall have due regard to the prevailing circumstances and conditions of restricted visibility when complying with the Rules.
(d) A vessel which detects by radar alone the presence of another vessel shall determine if a close-quarters situation is developing and or risk of collision exists. If so, she shall take avoiding action in ample time, provided that when such action consists of an alteration in course, so far as possible the following shall be avoided:
(i) An alteration of course to port for a vessel forward of the beam, other than for a vessel being overtaken.
(ii) An alteration of course toward a vessel abeam or abaft the beam.
(e) Except where it has been determined that a risk of collision does not exist, every vessel which hears apparently forward of her beam the fog signal of another vessel, or which cannot avoid a close-quarters situation with another vessel forward of her beam, shall reduce her speed to be the minimum at which she can be kept on her course. She shall if necessary take all her way off and in any event navigate with extreme caution until danger of collision is over.
Comments Rule 19
Two considerations must first be met, the vessels must be in or near an area of restricted visibility, and they must not be in sight of each other. A vessel might be in clear weather, but near a fog bank, or might conceal another vessel, this Rule would then be applicable. The range of visibility is not specified, common sense should be used.
The requirement of Rules 19(b) and (e) for a safe speed goes back to Rule 6(a) with its specific conditions and requirement for stopping distance. The requirements of Rule 19(c) tie in with the provisions of Rule 5, Lookouts, Rule 7, Risk of Collision, and Rule 8, Action to Avoid Collision. If you have radar, Rule 19(d) should be read in used with Rule 6(b). Sound signals are required.
Rule 20 Application
(a) Rules in this part shall be complied with in all weathers.
(b)The Rules concerning lights shall be complied with from sunset to sunrise, and during such times no other lights shall be exhibited, except such lights which cannot be mistaken for the lights specified in these Rules or do not impair their visibility or distinctive character, or interfere with the keeping of a proper look-out.
(c)The lights prescribed by these Rules shall, if carried, also be exhibited from sunrise to sunset in restricted visibility and may be exhibited in all other circumstances when it is deemed necessary.
(d)The Rules concerning shapes shall be complied with by day.
Rule 20 Application, Lights and Shapes
(a) Rules in this Part shall be complied with in all weathers.
(b) The Rules concerning lights shall be complied with from sunset to sunrise, and during such times no other lights shall be exhibited, except such lights as cannot be mistaken for the lights specified in these Rules or do not impair their visibility or distinctive character, or interfere with the keeping of a proper lookout.
(c) The lights prescribed by these Rules shall, if carried, also be exhibited from sunrise to sunset in restricted visibility and may be exhibited in all other circumstances when it is deemed necessary.
(d) The Rules concerning shapes shall be complied with by day.
(e) The lights and shapes specified in these Rules shall comply with the provisions of Annex I of these Rules.
Comments Rule 20
For this Rule, "in all weathers" means the state of visibility, good or bad. Navigation lights may be shown at any time during the day. They must be shown in daytime if visibility is restricted and, of course, must be shown at night. "Dayshapes" are for daytime use only.
In order not to complicate the basic Navigation Rules, specifications for lights and shapes, and requirements for the placement of these on vessels, are given in Annex I.
Rule 21 Definitions
(a) "Masthead light" means a white light placed over the fore and aft centerline of the vessel showing an unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of 225 degrees and so fixed as to show the light from right ahead to 22.5 degrees abaft the beam on either side of the vessel, except that on a vessel of less than 12 meters in length the masthead light shall be placed as nearly as practicable to the fore and aft centerline of the vessel.
(b) "Sidelights" means a green light on the starboard side and a red light on the port side each showing an unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of 112.5 degrees and so fixed as to show the light from right ahead to 22.5 degrees abaft the beam on its respective side. In a vessel of less than 20 meters in length the sidelights may be combined in one lantern carried on the fore and aft centerline of the vessel, except that on a vessel of less than 12 meters in length the sidelights when combined in one lantern shall be placed as nearly as practicable to the fore and aft centerline of the vessel.
(c) "Sternlight" means a white light placed as nearly as practicable at the stern showing an unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of 135 degrees and so fixed as to show the light 67.5 degrees from right aft on each side of the vessel.
(d) "Towing light" means a yellow light having the same characteristics as the "sternlight" defined in paragraph (c) of this Rule.
(e) "All-round light" means a light showing an unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of 360 degrees.
(f) "Flashing light" means a light flashing at regular intervals at a frequency of 120 flashes or more per minute.
(g) "Special flashing light" means a yellow light flashing at regular intervals at a frequency of 50 to 70 flashes per minute, placed as far forward and as nearly as practicable on the fore and aft centerline of the tow and showing an unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of not less than 180 degrees nor more than 225 degrees and so fixed as to show the light from right ahead to abeam and no more than 22.5 degrees abaft the beam on either side of the vessel.
Comments Rule 21
The Inland Rules have less restrictive provisions for the masthead light and sidelights on vessels less than 12 meters (39.4 ft.) in length that do not appear in the International Rules.
The high rate of "flashing lights," 120 or more flashes per minute, is specified to prevent confusion with Quick-Flashing lights on aids to navigation, which flash at a nominal rate of 60 per minute.
The "special flashing light" is used in the Inland Rules only it is used to mark the forward end of a barge pushed ahead. Note that its arc of visibility can be slightly different from a masthead light, but is always not less than 180¼.
Rule 22 Visibility of Lights
The lights prescribed in these Rules shall have an intensity as specified in Annex 1 to these Rules, so as to be visible at the following minimum ranges:
(a) In a vessel of 50 meters or more in length:
a masthead light, 6 miles
a sidelight, 3 miles
a sternlight, 3 miles
a towing light, 3 miles
a white, red, green or yellow all-round light, 3 miles, and a special flashing light 2 miles
(b) In a vessel of 12 meters or more in length but less than 50 meters in length:
a masthead light, 5 miles, except where the length of the vessel is less than 20 meters, 3 miles.
a sidelight, 2 miles
a sternlight, 2 miles
a towing light, 2 miles
a white, red, green or yellow all-round light, 2 miles and, a special flashing light 2 miles.
(c) In a vessel of less than 12 meters in length:
a masthead light, 2 miles
a sidelight, 1 mile
a sternlight, 2 miles
a towing light, 2 miles
a white, red, green or yellow all-round light, 2 miles, and a special flashing light, 2 miles.
(d) In an inconspicuous, partly submerged vessel or object being towed: a white all-round light, 3 miles.
Comments Rule 22
The requirement of Rule 22 is the intensity of each navigation light, this is for the guidance of the manufacturers of the hardware. The stated ranges provide a necessary input into the formula used in Annex I to calculate the intensity. A light is "legal" if it meets the intensity requirement of Annex I, even though under some conditions of visibility it cannot be seen at the ranges stated in this Rule for that type of light. The stated ranges also provide guidelines for vessel operators and enforcement agencies in the field.
The Inland Rules state a visibility requirement of two miles for a "special flashing light", this light does not appear in the International Rules. This light is yellow, as is the light for air-cushion vessels when operating in the non-displacement mode, but the frequency of the flashes is different allowing an observer to differentiate between them.
Friday, April 10, 2009
Power Driven Vessels Underway (Rule 23)
Rule 23: This Rule establishes what might be termed the basic requirements for navigation lights, sometimes called "running lights," for vessels underway. There are differences between the International and Inland Rules. The Inland Rules have more options regarding placement.
A WIG craft only when taking off, landing and in flight near the surface shall, in addition to the lights prescribed in paragraph (a) of this Rule, exhibit a high intensity all-round flashing red light. WING-IN-GROUND CRAFT. A wing-in-ground (WIG) craft is defined as a vessel capable of operating completely above the surface of the water on a dynamic air cushion created by aerodynamic lift due to the ground effect between the vessel and the water’s surface. WIG craft are capable of operating at speeds in excess of 100 knots.
Note: The International Rules have provision for craft less than 7 meters long operating at speeds not greater than 7 knots (the vessel can be capable of greater speeds, but must not be operated at more than 7 knots while using this Rule). This provision does not appear in the Inland Rules. The Inland Rules contain a special provision for vessels on the Great Lakes that does not appear in the International Rules.
No where in Rule 23 does the term "range lights" appear, but the two masthead lights, where fitted on larger vessels, do form a range similar to that established by two aids to navigation. This "range" helps in determining the orientation of a ship seen at a distance at night, the white masthead lights can be seen at a greater distance than the red and green sidelights.
No where in Rule 23 does the term "range lights" appear, but the two masthead lights, where fitted on larger vessels, do form a range similar to that established by two aids to navigation. This "range" helps in determining the orientation of a ship seen at a distance at night, the white masthead lights can be seen at a greater distance than the red and green sidelights.
In October, 1996, Inland Rule 23(a)(i) was changed. The revised Rule eliminates the exception for vessels less than 20 meters in length, these craft must now have their masthead light located in the forward half of the vessel. The Rule is now comparable with the corresponding International Rule.
A power-driven vessel underway shall exhibit:
a masthead light forward.
a second masthead light abaft of and higher than the forward one, except that a vessel of less than 50 meters in length shall not be obliged to exhibit such a light but may do so.
sidelights and a stern light.
a masthead light forward.
a second masthead light abaft of and higher than the forward one, except that a vessel of less than 50 meters in length shall not be obliged to exhibit such a light but may do so.
sidelights and a stern light.
An air-cushion vessel when operating in nondisplacement mode shall, in addition to the lights prescribed in this Rule, exhibit an all-round flashing yellow light, where it can best be seen.
A WIG craft only when taking off, landing and in flight near the surface shall, in addition to the lights prescribed in paragraph (a) of this Rule, exhibit a high intensity all-round flashing red light. WING-IN-GROUND CRAFT. A wing-in-ground (WIG) craft is defined as a vessel capable of operating completely above the surface of the water on a dynamic air cushion created by aerodynamic lift due to the ground effect between the vessel and the water’s surface. WIG craft are capable of operating at speeds in excess of 100 knots.
Presently, there are no Coast Guard safety standards for WIG craft. The Coast Guard has started the process of developing safety standards that will address the design, construction, operation, licensing and maintenance of WIG craft with further assistance from the Federal Aviation Administration. Additionally, the United States is working with the International Maritime Organization (IMO) to develop international standards for WIG craft.
A power-driven vessel of less than 12 meters in length may exhibit an all-round white light and sidelights.
a power-driven vessel of less than 7 meters in length whose maximum speed does not exceed 7 knots may exhibit an all-round white light and, if practicable, sidelights. The masthead light or all-round white light on a power-driven vessel of less than 12 meters in length may be displaced from the fore and aft centerline of the vessel if centerline fitting is not practicable, provided the sidelights are combined in one lantern which shall be carried on the fore and aft centerline of the vessel or located as nearly as practicable in the same fore and aft line as the masthead light or the all-round white light.
A power-driven vessel when operating on the Great Lakes may carry an all-round white light in lieu of the second masthead light and sternlight prescribed in this Rule. The light shall be carried in the position of the second masthead light and be visible at the same minimum range.
Tuesday, April 7, 2009
Conduct of Vessels in Sight of One Another
Rules in this section apply to vessels in sight of one another.
Rule 12 Sailing Vessels
(a) When two sailing vessels are approaching one another, so as to involve risk of collision, one of them shall keep out of the way of the other as follows:
When each has the wind on a different side, the vessel which has the wind on the port side shall keep out of the way of the other. When both have the wind on the same side, the vessel which is to windward shall keep out of the way of the vessel which is to leeward. If a vessel with the wind on the port side sees a vessel to windward and cannot determine with certainty whether the other vessel has the wind on the port or on the starboard side, she shall keep out of the way of the other.
(b) For the purposes of this Rule the windward side shall be deemed to be the side opposite that on which the mainsail is carried or, in the case of a square-rigged vessel, the side opposite to that on which the largest fore-and-aft sail is carried.
Vessels shall be deemed to be in sight of one another only when one can be observed visually from the other.
The term "sailing vessel" means any vessel under sail provided that propelling machinery, if fitted, is not being used.
Comments Rule 12
In considering the status of two vessels coming into a situation where danger of collision might exist, the Navigation Rules now use the terms "stand-on" and "give-way." The terms "privileged" and "burdened" are no longer in the Rules. Also the term "right-of-way" for one vessel over another does not appear anywhere in either set of Rules.
This Rule requires that a sailing vessel that cannot determine whether or not she should keep out of the way of the other must assume that she should and act accordingly. This is an excellent consideration for any situation of two vessels of any type or size meeting each other.
Rule 13 Overtaking
(a) Notwithstanding anything contained in the Rules [of Part B, Sections I and II / 4 through 18], any vessel overtaking any other shall keep out of the way of the vessel being overtaken.
(b) A vessel shall be deemed to be overtaking when coming up with a another vessel from a direction more than 22.5 degrees abaft her beam, that is, in such a position with reference to the vessel she is overtaking, that at night she would be able to see only the sternlight of that vessel but neither of her sidelights.
(c) When a vessel is in any doubt as to whether she is overtaking another, she shall assume that this is the case and act accordingly.
(d) Any subsequent alteration of the bearing between the two vessels shall not make the overtaking vessel a crossing vessel within the meaning of these Rules or relieve her of the duty of keeping clear of the overtaken vessel until she is finally past and clear.
Comments Rule 13
The zone in which a vessel is deemed to be "overtaking" is the same as that defined for the arc of visibility of the overtaken vessel's sternlight. A vessel coming up astern of a slower vessel is considered to have greater maneuverability and is the "give-way" vessel. She must take appropriate action until she is finally past and well clear of the overtaken vessel.
Although not a part of this Rule, it is required that an overtaking vessel indicate its desire to pass with a whistle signal and get the consent of the overtaken vessel to be passed, Note Rule 34(c). This is required by the Inland Rules for all waters, but by the International Rules only in a narrow channel or fairway. Many vessels use the VHF radio usually on Channel 13, instead of whistle signals, which are "I will pass you on one whistle or two whistles if that agrees with you." (Note Rule 34(h).
Rule 14
(a) Unless otherwise agreed when two power-driven vessels are meeting on reciprocal or nearly reciprocal courses so as to involve risk of collision each shall alter her course to starboard so that each shall pass on the port side of the other.
(b) Such a situation shall be deemed to exist when a vessel sees the other ahead or nearly ahead and by night she could see the masthead lights of the other in a line or nearly in a line and or both sidelights and by day she observes the corresponding aspect of the other vessel.
(c) When a vessel is in any doubt as to whether such a situation exists she shall assume that it does exist and act accordingly.
(d) Notwithstanding paragraph (a) of this Rule, a power-driven vessel operating on the Great Lakes, Western Rivers, or waters specified by the Secretary, and proceeding downbound with a following current shall have the right-of-way over an upbound vessel, shall propose the manner of passage, and shall initiate the maneuvering signals prescribed by Rule 34(a)(i), as appropriate.
Comments Rule 14
Meeting is defined as "head-on or nearly head-on, their have been cases where courts have accepted as meeting situations where each vessel was in a forward arc of not greater than one point (11 1/4°).
Meeting is a more urgent matter than overtaking because the rate of closure is the sum of the speed of each vessel not the difference. If a vessel is in any doubt that in a meeting situation, she should assume that it is and act accordingly, steering to the right. Neither vessel is "stand-on" or "give-way" both have responsibilities. This Rule applies only to power-driven vessels meeting other power-driven vessels, a meeting of a power-driven vessel with a sailing vessel is not covered. Meetings are normally "port-to-port," but the Inland Rules do allow for deviation if agreed to by both vessels this is likely to occur in rivers and channels.
Rule 15
When two power-driven vessels are crossing so as to involve risk of collision, the vessel which has the other on her own starboard side shall keep out of the way and shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, avoid crossing ahead of the other vessel.
(b) Not with standing paragraph (a), on the Great Lakes, Western Rivers, or water specified by the Secretary, a power-driven vessel crossing a river shall keep out of the way of a power-driven vessel ascending or descending the river.
Comments Rule 15
If the situation between two vessels encountering each other does not fit the definitions of overtaking or meeting, then it must be "crossing." For this Rule to be applicable, there has to be a "risk of collision" no risk no need to apply the Rule, but it is better to be safe than sorry.
This is the Rule that has led to the principle of a "danger zone," from dead ahead to two points (22 1/2°) abaft the beam on the starboard side the same arc as covered by the green sidelight. If you see another vessel in your danger zone, with risk of collision, you must yield to her and take action. This only applies too visual contacts, if you see another vessel by radar, then Rule 19 takes over.
Note that Inland Rule 15(b), applicable in specified, but not all, inland waters, requires that a power-driven vessel crossing a river keep out of the way of another power-driven vessel going either up or downstream. There is no consideration of the relative maneuverability of the vessels, nor of which has the other on its starboard side. There is no corresponding International Rule. In October, 1996, Inland Rule 15(b) was changed. It now applies only to a power-driven vessel crossing a river. There is no corresponding International Rule.
Rule 16 Action by Give-way Vessel
Every vessel which is directed to keep out of the way of another vessel shall, so far as possible, take early and substantial action to keep well clear.
Comments Rule 16
Having stated in Rules 12 through 15 which sailing or power-driven vessel must give way to another vessel in various situations, this Rule now says how the give-way vessel must act. Early action will not only lessen the danger of collision, but will also be more apparent to the operator of the stand-on vessel.
Rule 17
Where one of two vessels is to keep out of the way, the other shall keep her course and speed.
The latter vessel may however take action to avoid collision by her maneuver alone, as soon as it becomes apparent to her that the vessel required to keep out of the way is not taking appropriate action in compliance with these Rules.
(b) When, from any cause, the vessel required to keep her course and speed finds herself so close that collision cannot be avoided by the action of the give-way vessel alone, she shall take such action as will best aid to avoid collision.
(c) A power-driven vessel which takes action in a crossing situation in accordance with subparagraph (a)(ii) of this Rule to avoid collision with another power-driven vessel shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, not alter course to port for a vessel on her own port side.
(d)This Rule does not relieve the give-way vessel of her obligation to keep out of the way.
Rule 18 Responsibilities Between Vessels
(a) A power-driven vessel underway shall keep out of the way of:
a vessel not under command
a vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver
a vessel engaged in fishing
a sailing vessel
(b) A sailing vessel underway shall keep out of the way of:
a vessel not under command
a vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver
a vessel engaged in fishing.
(c) A vessel engaged in fishing when underway shall, so far as possible, keep out of the way of:
a vessel not under command
a vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver
Any vessel other than a vessel not under command or a vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, avoid impeding the safe passage of a vessel constrained by her draft, exhibiting the signals in Rule 28. A vessel constrained by her draft shall navigate with particular caution having full regard to her special condition. A seaplane on the water shall, in general, keep well clear of all vessels and avoid impeding their navigation. In circumstances where risk of collision exists, she shall comply with the Rules of this Part.
(i) A WIG craft shall, when taking off, landing and in flight near the surface, keep well clear of all other vessels and avoid impeding their navigation.
(ii) a WIG craft operating on the water surface shall comply with the Rules of this Part as a power-driven vessel.
Comments Rule 18
These lists called the "pecking order" between various types of vessels for situations not involving narrow channels, Traffic Separation Schemes, and the overtaking Rule.
A vessel "not under command" is usually one that has suffered a loss of propulsion or steering control. A vessel "restricted in her ability to maneuver" would be a dredge, one laying an underwater cable, a Coast Guard vessel servicing an aid to navigation, etc.
(1) A vessel under sail does not have the privileges of that category if she is also being propelled by machinery and, (2) a sport-fishing boat with trolling lines out is not a "vessel engaged in fishing."
International Rule 18(e) and Inland Rule 18(d), in practical terms, apply to a seaplane taxiing on the water. Such aircraft, when taking off and landing, are unable to maneuver to keep clear of vessels.
Rule 12 Sailing Vessels
(a) When two sailing vessels are approaching one another, so as to involve risk of collision, one of them shall keep out of the way of the other as follows:
When each has the wind on a different side, the vessel which has the wind on the port side shall keep out of the way of the other. When both have the wind on the same side, the vessel which is to windward shall keep out of the way of the vessel which is to leeward. If a vessel with the wind on the port side sees a vessel to windward and cannot determine with certainty whether the other vessel has the wind on the port or on the starboard side, she shall keep out of the way of the other.
(b) For the purposes of this Rule the windward side shall be deemed to be the side opposite that on which the mainsail is carried or, in the case of a square-rigged vessel, the side opposite to that on which the largest fore-and-aft sail is carried.
Vessels shall be deemed to be in sight of one another only when one can be observed visually from the other.
The term "sailing vessel" means any vessel under sail provided that propelling machinery, if fitted, is not being used.
Comments Rule 12
In considering the status of two vessels coming into a situation where danger of collision might exist, the Navigation Rules now use the terms "stand-on" and "give-way." The terms "privileged" and "burdened" are no longer in the Rules. Also the term "right-of-way" for one vessel over another does not appear anywhere in either set of Rules.
This Rule requires that a sailing vessel that cannot determine whether or not she should keep out of the way of the other must assume that she should and act accordingly. This is an excellent consideration for any situation of two vessels of any type or size meeting each other.
Rule 13 Overtaking
(a) Notwithstanding anything contained in the Rules [of Part B, Sections I and II / 4 through 18], any vessel overtaking any other shall keep out of the way of the vessel being overtaken.
(b) A vessel shall be deemed to be overtaking when coming up with a another vessel from a direction more than 22.5 degrees abaft her beam, that is, in such a position with reference to the vessel she is overtaking, that at night she would be able to see only the sternlight of that vessel but neither of her sidelights.
(c) When a vessel is in any doubt as to whether she is overtaking another, she shall assume that this is the case and act accordingly.
(d) Any subsequent alteration of the bearing between the two vessels shall not make the overtaking vessel a crossing vessel within the meaning of these Rules or relieve her of the duty of keeping clear of the overtaken vessel until she is finally past and clear.
Comments Rule 13
The zone in which a vessel is deemed to be "overtaking" is the same as that defined for the arc of visibility of the overtaken vessel's sternlight. A vessel coming up astern of a slower vessel is considered to have greater maneuverability and is the "give-way" vessel. She must take appropriate action until she is finally past and well clear of the overtaken vessel.
Although not a part of this Rule, it is required that an overtaking vessel indicate its desire to pass with a whistle signal and get the consent of the overtaken vessel to be passed, Note Rule 34(c). This is required by the Inland Rules for all waters, but by the International Rules only in a narrow channel or fairway. Many vessels use the VHF radio usually on Channel 13, instead of whistle signals, which are "I will pass you on one whistle or two whistles if that agrees with you." (Note Rule 34(h).
Rule 14
(a) Unless otherwise agreed when two power-driven vessels are meeting on reciprocal or nearly reciprocal courses so as to involve risk of collision each shall alter her course to starboard so that each shall pass on the port side of the other.
(b) Such a situation shall be deemed to exist when a vessel sees the other ahead or nearly ahead and by night she could see the masthead lights of the other in a line or nearly in a line and or both sidelights and by day she observes the corresponding aspect of the other vessel.
(c) When a vessel is in any doubt as to whether such a situation exists she shall assume that it does exist and act accordingly.
(d) Notwithstanding paragraph (a) of this Rule, a power-driven vessel operating on the Great Lakes, Western Rivers, or waters specified by the Secretary, and proceeding downbound with a following current shall have the right-of-way over an upbound vessel, shall propose the manner of passage, and shall initiate the maneuvering signals prescribed by Rule 34(a)(i), as appropriate.
Comments Rule 14
Meeting is defined as "head-on or nearly head-on, their have been cases where courts have accepted as meeting situations where each vessel was in a forward arc of not greater than one point (11 1/4°).
Meeting is a more urgent matter than overtaking because the rate of closure is the sum of the speed of each vessel not the difference. If a vessel is in any doubt that in a meeting situation, she should assume that it is and act accordingly, steering to the right. Neither vessel is "stand-on" or "give-way" both have responsibilities. This Rule applies only to power-driven vessels meeting other power-driven vessels, a meeting of a power-driven vessel with a sailing vessel is not covered. Meetings are normally "port-to-port," but the Inland Rules do allow for deviation if agreed to by both vessels this is likely to occur in rivers and channels.
Rule 15
When two power-driven vessels are crossing so as to involve risk of collision, the vessel which has the other on her own starboard side shall keep out of the way and shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, avoid crossing ahead of the other vessel.
(b) Not with standing paragraph (a), on the Great Lakes, Western Rivers, or water specified by the Secretary, a power-driven vessel crossing a river shall keep out of the way of a power-driven vessel ascending or descending the river.
Comments Rule 15
If the situation between two vessels encountering each other does not fit the definitions of overtaking or meeting, then it must be "crossing." For this Rule to be applicable, there has to be a "risk of collision" no risk no need to apply the Rule, but it is better to be safe than sorry.
This is the Rule that has led to the principle of a "danger zone," from dead ahead to two points (22 1/2°) abaft the beam on the starboard side the same arc as covered by the green sidelight. If you see another vessel in your danger zone, with risk of collision, you must yield to her and take action. This only applies too visual contacts, if you see another vessel by radar, then Rule 19 takes over.
Note that Inland Rule 15(b), applicable in specified, but not all, inland waters, requires that a power-driven vessel crossing a river keep out of the way of another power-driven vessel going either up or downstream. There is no consideration of the relative maneuverability of the vessels, nor of which has the other on its starboard side. There is no corresponding International Rule. In October, 1996, Inland Rule 15(b) was changed. It now applies only to a power-driven vessel crossing a river. There is no corresponding International Rule.
Rule 16 Action by Give-way Vessel
Every vessel which is directed to keep out of the way of another vessel shall, so far as possible, take early and substantial action to keep well clear.
Comments Rule 16
Having stated in Rules 12 through 15 which sailing or power-driven vessel must give way to another vessel in various situations, this Rule now says how the give-way vessel must act. Early action will not only lessen the danger of collision, but will also be more apparent to the operator of the stand-on vessel.
Rule 17
Where one of two vessels is to keep out of the way, the other shall keep her course and speed.
The latter vessel may however take action to avoid collision by her maneuver alone, as soon as it becomes apparent to her that the vessel required to keep out of the way is not taking appropriate action in compliance with these Rules.
(b) When, from any cause, the vessel required to keep her course and speed finds herself so close that collision cannot be avoided by the action of the give-way vessel alone, she shall take such action as will best aid to avoid collision.
(c) A power-driven vessel which takes action in a crossing situation in accordance with subparagraph (a)(ii) of this Rule to avoid collision with another power-driven vessel shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, not alter course to port for a vessel on her own port side.
(d)This Rule does not relieve the give-way vessel of her obligation to keep out of the way.
Rule 18 Responsibilities Between Vessels
(a) A power-driven vessel underway shall keep out of the way of:
a vessel not under command
a vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver
a vessel engaged in fishing
a sailing vessel
(b) A sailing vessel underway shall keep out of the way of:
a vessel not under command
a vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver
a vessel engaged in fishing.
(c) A vessel engaged in fishing when underway shall, so far as possible, keep out of the way of:
a vessel not under command
a vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver
Any vessel other than a vessel not under command or a vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, avoid impeding the safe passage of a vessel constrained by her draft, exhibiting the signals in Rule 28. A vessel constrained by her draft shall navigate with particular caution having full regard to her special condition. A seaplane on the water shall, in general, keep well clear of all vessels and avoid impeding their navigation. In circumstances where risk of collision exists, she shall comply with the Rules of this Part.
(i) A WIG craft shall, when taking off, landing and in flight near the surface, keep well clear of all other vessels and avoid impeding their navigation.
(ii) a WIG craft operating on the water surface shall comply with the Rules of this Part as a power-driven vessel.
Comments Rule 18
These lists called the "pecking order" between various types of vessels for situations not involving narrow channels, Traffic Separation Schemes, and the overtaking Rule.
A vessel "not under command" is usually one that has suffered a loss of propulsion or steering control. A vessel "restricted in her ability to maneuver" would be a dredge, one laying an underwater cable, a Coast Guard vessel servicing an aid to navigation, etc.
(1) A vessel under sail does not have the privileges of that category if she is also being propelled by machinery and, (2) a sport-fishing boat with trolling lines out is not a "vessel engaged in fishing."
International Rule 18(e) and Inland Rule 18(d), in practical terms, apply to a seaplane taxiing on the water. Such aircraft, when taking off and landing, are unable to maneuver to keep clear of vessels.
Friday, April 3, 2009
Steering and Sailing Rules
Steering and Sailing Rules, Conduct of Vessels in Any Condition of Visibility
Rule 4
Rules in this section apply to any condition of visibility.
Rule 5
Every vessel shall at all times maintain a proper look-out by sight and hearing as well as by all available means appropriate in the prevailing circumstances and conditions so as to make a full appraisal of the situation and of the risk of collision.
Comments Rule 5
This is a basic Rule, which is sometimes the cause of small boat accidents or collisions with other boats. On smaller vessels the "lookout" is norminally the helmsman, and this is okay if you know your responsibility and perform your duties. You must be able to hear as well as see potential dangers. If in doubt a vessels operator should post an additional person with the duties of lookout, this might be necessary in situations of reduced visibility. If a collision occurs failure to have a proper lookout might be held against you in court.
This is also the Rule that is obviously violated by all single handing operators on long voyages, or even on voyages of more than a few hours.The Rule states that a lookout is required "at all times" this also means when you are at anchor.
Rule 6 Safe Speed
Every vessel shall at all times proceed at a safe speed so that she can take proper and effective action to avoid collision and be stopped within a distance appropriate to the prevailing circumstances and conditions. In determining a safe speed the following factors shall be among those taken into account by all vessels:
The state of visibility.
The traffic density including concentrations of fishing vessels or any other vessels.
The manageability of the vessel with special reference to stopping distance and turning ability in the prevailing conditions.
At night, the presence of background light such as from shore lights or from back scatter from her own lights.
The state of wind, sea and current, and the proximity of navigational hazards.
The draft in relation to the available depth of water.
Additionally, by vessels with operational radar:
The characteristics, efficiency and limitations of the radar equipment.
Any constraints imposed by the radar range scale in use.
The effect on radar detection of the sea state, weather and other sources of interference.
The possibility that small vessels, ice and other floating objects may not be detected by radar at an adequate range.
The number, location and movement of vessels detected by radar.
The more exact assessment of the visibility that may be possible when radar is used to determine the range of vessels or other objects in the vicinity.
Comments Rule 6
Here is another basic Rule that is so obvious that it shouldn't need a comment. In this rule there is no specific speed stated in terms of knots or miles per hour. The focus is on preventing collisions, and a "safe speed" will be determined by the prevailing conditions, there are six common sense factors specifically listed. Speed limits found in some harbors and waterways are not part of the Navigation Rules, they must not be exceeded, and in some conditions they are greater than a "safe speed." This Rule is applicable in all conditions of visibility normal and restricted.
If you have radar on your boat, and you are using it, you are responsible for using it properly, too many small boat operators do not know how to plot radar targets. Learn the capabilities and limitations of your radar and how to know when a risk of collision exist. The phrase of "stopping in half of the distance of visibility" does not appear in the Rules and is not applicable in many cases, such as when your radar is being used.
Rule 7 Risk of Collision
(a) Every vessel shall use all available means appropriate to the prevailing circumstances and conditions to determine if risk of collision exists. If there is any doubt such risk shall be deemed to exist.
(b) Proper use shall be made of radar equipment if fitted and operational, including long-range scanning to obtain early warning of risk of collision and radar plotting or equivalent systematic observation of detected objects.
(c) Assumptions shall not be made on the basis of scanty information, especially scanty radar information.
(d) In determining if risk of collision exists the following considerations shall be among those taken into account:
Such risk shall be deemed to exist if the compass bearing of an approaching vessel does not appreciably change.
Such risk may sometimes exist even when an appreciable bearing change is evident, particularly when approaching a very large vessel or a tow or when approaching a vessel at close range.
Comments Rule 7
Radar is fine if you have it and use it properly, but it is not needed to the know if a "risk of collision" exists. The very basic means is by visual observation, called a "seaman's eye." First establish a compass bearing to the other vessel, and recheck it at frequent intervals, if it doesn't change with neither vessel maneuvering, there is a risk of collision. Even if it does change, there is still a possible risk, especially if the other vessel is a tug towing a barge astern, DO NOT try to pass between a tug and its tow.
Rule 8 Action to Avoid Collision
(a) Any action taken to avoid collision shall be taken in accordance with the Rules of this Part and shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, be positive, made in ample time and with due regard to the observance of good seamanship.
(b) Any alteration of course and/or speed to avoid collision shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, be large enough to be readily apparent to another vessel observing visually or by radar, a succession of small alterations of course and/or speed should be avoided.
(c) If there is sufficient sea room, alteration of course alone may be the most effective action to avoid a close quarters situation provided that it is made in good time, is substantial and does not result in another close quarters situation.
(d) Action taken to avoid collision with another vessel shall be such as to result in passing at a safe distance. The effectiveness of the action shall be carefully checked until the other vessel is finally past and clear.
(e) If necessary to avoid collision or allow more time to asses the situation, a vessel may slacken her speed or take all way off by stopping or reversing her means of propulsion.
(f) A vessel which, by any of these rules, is required not to impede the passage or safe passage of another vessel shall, when required by the circumstances of the case, take early action to allow sufficient sea room for the safe passage of the other vessel. A vessel required not to impede the passage or safe passage of another vessel is not relieved of this obligation if approaching the other vessel so as to involve risk of collision and shall, when taking action, have full regard to the action which may be required by the rules of this part. A vessel, the passage of which is not to be impeded remains fully obliged to comply with the rules of this part when the two vessels are approaching one another so as to involve risk of collision.
Comments Rule 8
Here is another very basic Rule, but one that is sometimes overlooked. If you are approaching another vessel and some action is required of you, like changing your course or speed, make it soon enough to be effective, and make it apparent to the other vessel. From a distance, a change of course is usually more apparent than a change of speed, don't wait to slow down or stop if you need too for safety. Slowing down has the advantage of giving you more time to assess the situation. The phrase "all way off " means dead in the water without forward movement.
Rule 9 Narrow Channels
(a) (i) A vessel proceeding along the course of a narrow channel or fairway shall keep as near to the outer limit of the channel or fairway which lies on her starboard side as is safe and practicable. (ii) Notwithstanding paragraph (a)(i) and Rule 14(a), a power driven vessel operating in narrow channels or fairways on the Great Lakes, Western Rivers, or waters specified by the Secretary, and proceeding downbound with a following current shall have the right-of-way over an upbound vessel, shall propose the manner and place of passage, and shall initiate the maneuvering signals prescribed by Rule 34(a)(i), as appropriate. The vessel proceeding upbound against the current shall hold as necessary to permit safe passing.
(b) A vessel of less than 20 meters in length or a sailing vessel shall not impede the passage of a vessel which can safely navigate only within a narrow channel or fairway.
(c) A vessel engaged in fishing shall not impede the passage of any other vessel navigating within a narrow channel or fairway.
(d) A vessel shall not cross a narrow passage or fairway if such crossing impedes the passage of a vessel which can safely navigate only within such channel or fairway. The latter vessel may use the sound signal prescribed in Rule 34(d) if in doubt as to the intention of the crossing vessel.
This rule does not relieve the overtaking vessel of her obligation under Rule 13.
(f) A vessel nearing a bend or an area of a narrow channel or fairway where other vessels may be obscured by an intervening obstruction shall navigate with particular alertness and caution and shall sound the appropriate signal prescribed in Rule 34(e).
(g) Any vessel shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, avoid anchoring in a narrow channel.
Comments Rule 9
This is where the big guy pushes his weight around, and he should. The needs of a vessel that must have the deeper water are protected. The term "narrow" should be construed with respect to the size of the vessels using the waterway. A vessel required to "not impede" should take early action to keep clear of the other vessel by a wide margin. This might be a vessel that otherwise would be the "stand-on" vessel, but whose status is changed by the practical considerations of Rule 9.
Sound signals are required, but under different situations in the International and Inland Rules. On the Great Lakes, Western Rivers the Mississippi River its tributaries and other specified waters, the Inland Rules specifically provide privileged status to a vessel proceeding with the current. In other areas that may have tidal currents or normal river flows, this Rule does not apply, but common courtesy should lead to giving a vessel going with the current, and being less maneuverable, the right-of-way over a vessel opposing the current.
In Rule 9(d), the Inland Rules require the whistle signal of doubt or danger by sounding five short blasts. Under the International Rules, this signal is optional. The "bend" signal of one prolonged blast is also used by vessels entering a waterway from a side channel or coming out of a berth or slip, see Rule 34(g). Note that the Rules do not provide for a "long" blast, only short blasts (one second) or prolonged blasts (four to six seconds duration).
Rule 10 Traffic Separation Schemes
(a) This Rule applies to traffic separation schemes adopted by the Organization and does not relieve any vessel of her obligation under any other rule.
(b) A vessel using a traffic separation scheme shall:
Proceed in the appropriate traffic lane in the general direction of traffic flow for that lane.
So far as is practicable keep clear of a traffic separation line or separation zone.
Normally join or leave a traffic lane at the termination of the lane, but when joining or leaving from either side shall do so at as small an angle to the general direction of traffic flow as practicable.
(c) A vessel, shall so far as practicable, avoid crossing traffic lanes but if obliged to do so shall cross on a heading as nearly as practicable at right angles to the general direction of traffic flow.
A vessel shall not use an inshore traffic zone when she can safely use the appropriate traffic lane within the adjacent traffic separation scheme. However, vessels of less than 20 meters in length, sailing vessels and vessels engaged in fishing may use the inshore traffic zone.
Notwithstanding subparagraph (d)(i), a vessel may use an inshore traffic zone when en route to or from a port, offshore installation or structure, pilot station or any other place situated within the inshore traffic zone, or to avoid immediate danger.
(e) A vessel, other than a crossing vessel or a vessel joining or leaving a lane shall not normally enter a separation zone or cross a separation line except:
in cases of emergency to avoid immediate danger.
to engage in fishing within a separation zone.
(f) A vessel navigating in areas near the terminations of traffic separation schemes shall do so with particular caution.
Comments Rule 10
The International Rule is much more specific about proper behavior regarding Traffic Separation Schemes than the Inland Rule.
This is an important rule and there are two aspects of it that are of interest to smaller boats. First, all crossing vessels must cross on a heading as nearly as practicable at right angles to the lane, giving a full profile to vessels using the lane.
Second, a vessel even if under sail is required not to impede the safe passage of a power driven vessel following a traffic lane. You should try and cross as quickly and safely as possible.
Rule 4
Rules in this section apply to any condition of visibility.
Rule 5
Every vessel shall at all times maintain a proper look-out by sight and hearing as well as by all available means appropriate in the prevailing circumstances and conditions so as to make a full appraisal of the situation and of the risk of collision.
Comments Rule 5
This is a basic Rule, which is sometimes the cause of small boat accidents or collisions with other boats. On smaller vessels the "lookout" is norminally the helmsman, and this is okay if you know your responsibility and perform your duties. You must be able to hear as well as see potential dangers. If in doubt a vessels operator should post an additional person with the duties of lookout, this might be necessary in situations of reduced visibility. If a collision occurs failure to have a proper lookout might be held against you in court.
This is also the Rule that is obviously violated by all single handing operators on long voyages, or even on voyages of more than a few hours.The Rule states that a lookout is required "at all times" this also means when you are at anchor.
Rule 6 Safe Speed
Every vessel shall at all times proceed at a safe speed so that she can take proper and effective action to avoid collision and be stopped within a distance appropriate to the prevailing circumstances and conditions. In determining a safe speed the following factors shall be among those taken into account by all vessels:
The state of visibility.
The traffic density including concentrations of fishing vessels or any other vessels.
The manageability of the vessel with special reference to stopping distance and turning ability in the prevailing conditions.
At night, the presence of background light such as from shore lights or from back scatter from her own lights.
The state of wind, sea and current, and the proximity of navigational hazards.
The draft in relation to the available depth of water.
Additionally, by vessels with operational radar:
The characteristics, efficiency and limitations of the radar equipment.
Any constraints imposed by the radar range scale in use.
The effect on radar detection of the sea state, weather and other sources of interference.
The possibility that small vessels, ice and other floating objects may not be detected by radar at an adequate range.
The number, location and movement of vessels detected by radar.
The more exact assessment of the visibility that may be possible when radar is used to determine the range of vessels or other objects in the vicinity.
Comments Rule 6
Here is another basic Rule that is so obvious that it shouldn't need a comment. In this rule there is no specific speed stated in terms of knots or miles per hour. The focus is on preventing collisions, and a "safe speed" will be determined by the prevailing conditions, there are six common sense factors specifically listed. Speed limits found in some harbors and waterways are not part of the Navigation Rules, they must not be exceeded, and in some conditions they are greater than a "safe speed." This Rule is applicable in all conditions of visibility normal and restricted.
If you have radar on your boat, and you are using it, you are responsible for using it properly, too many small boat operators do not know how to plot radar targets. Learn the capabilities and limitations of your radar and how to know when a risk of collision exist. The phrase of "stopping in half of the distance of visibility" does not appear in the Rules and is not applicable in many cases, such as when your radar is being used.
Rule 7 Risk of Collision
(a) Every vessel shall use all available means appropriate to the prevailing circumstances and conditions to determine if risk of collision exists. If there is any doubt such risk shall be deemed to exist.
(b) Proper use shall be made of radar equipment if fitted and operational, including long-range scanning to obtain early warning of risk of collision and radar plotting or equivalent systematic observation of detected objects.
(c) Assumptions shall not be made on the basis of scanty information, especially scanty radar information.
(d) In determining if risk of collision exists the following considerations shall be among those taken into account:
Such risk shall be deemed to exist if the compass bearing of an approaching vessel does not appreciably change.
Such risk may sometimes exist even when an appreciable bearing change is evident, particularly when approaching a very large vessel or a tow or when approaching a vessel at close range.
Comments Rule 7
Radar is fine if you have it and use it properly, but it is not needed to the know if a "risk of collision" exists. The very basic means is by visual observation, called a "seaman's eye." First establish a compass bearing to the other vessel, and recheck it at frequent intervals, if it doesn't change with neither vessel maneuvering, there is a risk of collision. Even if it does change, there is still a possible risk, especially if the other vessel is a tug towing a barge astern, DO NOT try to pass between a tug and its tow.
Rule 8 Action to Avoid Collision
(a) Any action taken to avoid collision shall be taken in accordance with the Rules of this Part and shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, be positive, made in ample time and with due regard to the observance of good seamanship.
(b) Any alteration of course and/or speed to avoid collision shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, be large enough to be readily apparent to another vessel observing visually or by radar, a succession of small alterations of course and/or speed should be avoided.
(c) If there is sufficient sea room, alteration of course alone may be the most effective action to avoid a close quarters situation provided that it is made in good time, is substantial and does not result in another close quarters situation.
(d) Action taken to avoid collision with another vessel shall be such as to result in passing at a safe distance. The effectiveness of the action shall be carefully checked until the other vessel is finally past and clear.
(e) If necessary to avoid collision or allow more time to asses the situation, a vessel may slacken her speed or take all way off by stopping or reversing her means of propulsion.
(f) A vessel which, by any of these rules, is required not to impede the passage or safe passage of another vessel shall, when required by the circumstances of the case, take early action to allow sufficient sea room for the safe passage of the other vessel. A vessel required not to impede the passage or safe passage of another vessel is not relieved of this obligation if approaching the other vessel so as to involve risk of collision and shall, when taking action, have full regard to the action which may be required by the rules of this part. A vessel, the passage of which is not to be impeded remains fully obliged to comply with the rules of this part when the two vessels are approaching one another so as to involve risk of collision.
Comments Rule 8
Here is another very basic Rule, but one that is sometimes overlooked. If you are approaching another vessel and some action is required of you, like changing your course or speed, make it soon enough to be effective, and make it apparent to the other vessel. From a distance, a change of course is usually more apparent than a change of speed, don't wait to slow down or stop if you need too for safety. Slowing down has the advantage of giving you more time to assess the situation. The phrase "all way off " means dead in the water without forward movement.
Rule 9 Narrow Channels
(a) (i) A vessel proceeding along the course of a narrow channel or fairway shall keep as near to the outer limit of the channel or fairway which lies on her starboard side as is safe and practicable. (ii) Notwithstanding paragraph (a)(i) and Rule 14(a), a power driven vessel operating in narrow channels or fairways on the Great Lakes, Western Rivers, or waters specified by the Secretary, and proceeding downbound with a following current shall have the right-of-way over an upbound vessel, shall propose the manner and place of passage, and shall initiate the maneuvering signals prescribed by Rule 34(a)(i), as appropriate. The vessel proceeding upbound against the current shall hold as necessary to permit safe passing.
(b) A vessel of less than 20 meters in length or a sailing vessel shall not impede the passage of a vessel which can safely navigate only within a narrow channel or fairway.
(c) A vessel engaged in fishing shall not impede the passage of any other vessel navigating within a narrow channel or fairway.
(d) A vessel shall not cross a narrow passage or fairway if such crossing impedes the passage of a vessel which can safely navigate only within such channel or fairway. The latter vessel may use the sound signal prescribed in Rule 34(d) if in doubt as to the intention of the crossing vessel.
This rule does not relieve the overtaking vessel of her obligation under Rule 13.
(f) A vessel nearing a bend or an area of a narrow channel or fairway where other vessels may be obscured by an intervening obstruction shall navigate with particular alertness and caution and shall sound the appropriate signal prescribed in Rule 34(e).
(g) Any vessel shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, avoid anchoring in a narrow channel.
Comments Rule 9
This is where the big guy pushes his weight around, and he should. The needs of a vessel that must have the deeper water are protected. The term "narrow" should be construed with respect to the size of the vessels using the waterway. A vessel required to "not impede" should take early action to keep clear of the other vessel by a wide margin. This might be a vessel that otherwise would be the "stand-on" vessel, but whose status is changed by the practical considerations of Rule 9.
Sound signals are required, but under different situations in the International and Inland Rules. On the Great Lakes, Western Rivers the Mississippi River its tributaries and other specified waters, the Inland Rules specifically provide privileged status to a vessel proceeding with the current. In other areas that may have tidal currents or normal river flows, this Rule does not apply, but common courtesy should lead to giving a vessel going with the current, and being less maneuverable, the right-of-way over a vessel opposing the current.
In Rule 9(d), the Inland Rules require the whistle signal of doubt or danger by sounding five short blasts. Under the International Rules, this signal is optional. The "bend" signal of one prolonged blast is also used by vessels entering a waterway from a side channel or coming out of a berth or slip, see Rule 34(g). Note that the Rules do not provide for a "long" blast, only short blasts (one second) or prolonged blasts (four to six seconds duration).
Rule 10 Traffic Separation Schemes
(a) This Rule applies to traffic separation schemes adopted by the Organization and does not relieve any vessel of her obligation under any other rule.
(b) A vessel using a traffic separation scheme shall:
Proceed in the appropriate traffic lane in the general direction of traffic flow for that lane.
So far as is practicable keep clear of a traffic separation line or separation zone.
Normally join or leave a traffic lane at the termination of the lane, but when joining or leaving from either side shall do so at as small an angle to the general direction of traffic flow as practicable.
(c) A vessel, shall so far as practicable, avoid crossing traffic lanes but if obliged to do so shall cross on a heading as nearly as practicable at right angles to the general direction of traffic flow.
A vessel shall not use an inshore traffic zone when she can safely use the appropriate traffic lane within the adjacent traffic separation scheme. However, vessels of less than 20 meters in length, sailing vessels and vessels engaged in fishing may use the inshore traffic zone.
Notwithstanding subparagraph (d)(i), a vessel may use an inshore traffic zone when en route to or from a port, offshore installation or structure, pilot station or any other place situated within the inshore traffic zone, or to avoid immediate danger.
(e) A vessel, other than a crossing vessel or a vessel joining or leaving a lane shall not normally enter a separation zone or cross a separation line except:
in cases of emergency to avoid immediate danger.
to engage in fishing within a separation zone.
(f) A vessel navigating in areas near the terminations of traffic separation schemes shall do so with particular caution.
Comments Rule 10
The International Rule is much more specific about proper behavior regarding Traffic Separation Schemes than the Inland Rule.
This is an important rule and there are two aspects of it that are of interest to smaller boats. First, all crossing vessels must cross on a heading as nearly as practicable at right angles to the lane, giving a full profile to vessels using the lane.
Second, a vessel even if under sail is required not to impede the safe passage of a power driven vessel following a traffic lane. You should try and cross as quickly and safely as possible.
Wednesday, April 1, 2009
Navigational Rules and Regulations
Rule 1: Application (International)
(a) These Rules shall apply to all vessels upon the high seas and in all waters connected there with navigable by seagoing vessels.
(b) Nothing in these Rules shall interfere with the operation of special rules made by an appropriate authority for roadsteads, harbors, rivers, lakes, or inland waterways connected with the high seas and navigable by seagoing vessels. Such special rules shall conform as closely as possible to these Rules.
(c) Nothing in these Rules shall interfere with the operation of any special rules made by the Government of any State with respect to additional station or signal lights, shape or whistle signals for ships of war and vessels proceeding under convoy, or with respect to additional station or signal lights or shapes for fishing vessels engaged in fishing as a fleet. These additional stations or signal lights, shapes or whistle signals shall, so far as possible, be such that they cannot be mistaken for any light, shape, or signal authorized elsewhere under these Rules.
(d) Traffic separation schemes may be adopted by the Organization for the purpose of these Rules.
(e) Whenever the Government concerned shall have determined that a vessel of special construction or purpose cannot comply fully with the provisions of any of these Rules with respect to number, position, range or arc of visibility of lights or shapes, as well as to the disposition and characteristics of sound signaling appliances, such vessel shall comply with such other provisions in regard to number, position, range or arc of visibility of lights or shapes, as well as to the disposition and characteristics of sound signaling appliances, as the Government shall have determined to be the closest possible compliance with these Rules in respect to that vessel.
Submarines may display, as a distinctive means of identification, an intermittent flashing amber (yellow) beacon with a sequence of operation of one flash per second for three (3) seconds followed by a three (3) second off-period. Other special rules made by the Secretary of the Navy with respect to additional station and signal lights are found in Part 706 of Title 32, Code of Federal Regulations (32 CFR 706).
Rule 1: Application (Inland)
(a) These rules apply to all vessels upon the inland waters of the United States, and to vessels of the United States on the Canadian waters of the Great Lakes to the extent that there is no conflict with Canadian law.
(b) (i) These rules constitute special rules made by an appropriate authority within the meaning of Rule 1(b) of the International Regulations.
(ii) All vessels complying with the construction and equipment requirements of the International Regulations are considered to be in compliance with these Rules.
(c) Nothing in these Rules shall interfere with the operation of any special rules made by the Secretary of the Navy with respect to additional station or signal lights and shapes or whistle signals for ships of war and vessels proceeding under convoy, or by the Secretary with respect to additional station or signal lights and shapes for fishing vessels engaged in fishing as a fleet. These additional station or signal lights and shapes or whistle signals shall, so far as possible, be such that they cannot be mistaken for any light, shape or signal authorized elsewhere under these Rules. Notice of such special rules shall be published in the Federal Register and, after the effective date specified in such notice, they shall have effect as if they were a part of these Rules.1
(d) Traffic separation schemes may be established for the purposes of these Rules. Vessel traffic service regulations may be in effect in certain areas.
(e) Whenever the Secretary determines that a vessel or class of vessels of special construction or purpose cannot comply fully with the provisions of any of these Rules with respect to the number, position, range, or arc of visibility of lights or shapes, as well as to the disposition and characteristics of sound-signalling appliances, the vessel shall comply with such other provisions in regard to the number, position, range, or arc of visibility of lights or shapes, as well as to the disposition and characteristics of sound-signalling appliances, as the Secretary shall have determined to be the closest possible compliance with these Rules. The Secretary may issue a certificate of alternative compliance for a vessel or class of vessels specifying the closest possible compliance with these Rules. The Secretary of the Navy shall make these determinations and issue certificates of alternative compliance for vessels of the Navy.
(f) The Secretary may accept a certificate of alternative compliance issued by a contracting party to the International Regulations if he determines that the alternative compliance standards of the contracting party are substantially the same as those of the United States.
Submarines may display, as a distinctive means of identification, an intermittent flashing amber (yellow) beacon with a sequence of operation of one flash per second for three (3) seconds followed by a three (3) second off-period. Other special rules made by the Secretary of the Navy with respect to additional station and signal lights are found in Part 706 of Title 32, Code of Federal Regulations (32 CFR 706).
Comments Rule 1
The U.S. Inland Rules and the International Rules are about the same, waters are subject to one or the other, but not both, but in quite a few cases the Rules are the same. The boundary between them is called the "COLREGS Demarcation Line." These lines are described in Federal Regulations and are shown on all applicable charts. There are areas of U.S. waters that could be thought of as inland along the northeast coast, and Puget Sound, but are subject to the International Rules.
Both the International and Inland Rules have some exceptions and special provisions for naval vessels. The Inland Rules also prescribe a special light for submarines due to their large bulk that is underwater and out of sight, this is an amber (yellow) all-round light flashing three times at one-second intervals, followed by a dark interval of three seconds.
Rule 2: Responsibility
(a) Nothing in these Rules shall exonerate any vessel, or the owner, master, or crew, from the consequences of any neglect to comply with these Rules or of the neglect of any precaution which may be required by the ordinary practice of seamen, or by the special circumstances of the case.
(b) In construing and complying with these Rules due regard shall be had to all dangers of navigation and collision and to any special circumstances, including the limitations of the vessels involved, which may make a departure from these Rules necessary to avoid immediate danger.
Comments Rule 2
This is sometimes called the "Rule of Good Seamanship" this Rule first states that all the Rules must be complied with, and the practices of good seamanship be followed. But it then goes on to say that there may be "special circumstances." Its intention is to apply common sense to the interpretation and application of the Rules, and to prevent any misunderstanding of the Rules to avoid the consequences of their misapplication. It recognizes that a departure from the Rules may be required to avoid immediate danger. There may be special situations where a departure from the Rules is required. Should a collision result, compliance with the Rules may not be a defense.
Rule 3: General Definitions
(a) The word "vessel" includes every description of watercraft, including non-displacement craft, WIG craft, and seaplanes, used or capable of being used as a means of transportation on water.
(b) The term "power-driven vessel" means any vessel propelled by machinery.
(c) The term "sailing vessel" means any vessel under sail provided that propelling machinery, if fitted, is not being used.
(d) The term "vessel engaged in fishing" means any vessel fishing with nets, lines, trawls, or other fishing apparatus which restrict maneuverability, but does not include a vessel fishing with trolling lines or other fishing apparatus which do not restrict maneuverability.
(e) The term "seaplane" includes any aircraft designed to maneuver on the water.
(f) The term "vessel not under command" means a vessel which through some exceptional circumstance is unable to maneuver as required by these Rules and is therefore unable to keep out of the way of another vessel.
(g) The term "vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver" means a vessel which from the nature of her work is restricted in her ability to maneuver as required by these Rules and is therefore unable to keep out of the way of another vessel. The term "vessels restricted in their ability to maneuver" shall include but not be limited to:
1. A vessel engaged in laying, servicing, or picking up a navigational mark, submarine cable or pipeline.
2. A vessel engaged in dredging, surveying or underwater operations.
3. A vessel engaged in replenishment or transferring persons, provisions or cargo while underway.
4. A vessel engaged in the launching or recovery of aircraft.
5. A vessel engaged in mine clearance operations.
6. A vessel engaged in a towing operation such as severely restricts the towing vessel and her tow in their ability to deviate from their course.
(h) The term "vessel constrained by her draft" means a power-driven vessel which because of her draft in relation to the available depth and width of navigable water is severely restricted in her ability to deviate from the course she is following.
(i/h) The word "underway" means that a vessel is not at anchor, or made fast to the shore, or aground.
(j/i) The words "length" and "breadth" of a vessel mean her length overall and greatest breadth.
(k/j) Vessels shall be deemed to be in sight of one another only when one can be observed visually from the other.
(l/k) The term "restricted visibility" means any condition in which visibility is restricted by fog, mist, falling snow, heavy rainstorms, sandstorms or any other similar causes.
(l) "Western Rivers" means the Mississippi River, its tributaries, South Pass, and Southwest Pass, to the navigational demarcation lines dividing the high seas from harbors, rivers and other inland waters of the United States, and the Port Allen-Morgan City Alternate Route, and that part of the Atchafalaya River above its junction with the Port Allen-Morgan City Alternate Route including the Old River and the Red River.
(m) The term "Wing-In-Ground (WIG) craft" means a multimodal craft which, in its main operational mode, flies in close proximity to the surface by utilizing surface-effect action.
(m) "Great Lakes" means the Great Lakes and their connecting tribuatary waters including the Calumet River as far as the Thomas J. O'Brien Lock and Controlling Waters (between mile 326 and 327), the Chicago River as far as the east side of the Ashland Avenue Bridge (between mile 321 and 322), and the Saint Lawrence River as far east as the lower exit of Saint Lambert Lock.
(n) "Secretary" means the Secretary of the department in which the Coast Guard is operating.
(o) "Inland Waters" means the navigable waters of the United States shoreward of the navigational demarcation lines dividing the high seas from harbors, rivers and other inland waters of the United States and the waters of the Great Lakes on the United States side of the International Boundary.
(p) "Inland Rules" or "Rules" mean the Inland Navigational Rules and the annexes thereto, which govern the conduct of vessels and specify the lights, shapes, and sound signals that apply on inland waters, and
(q) "International Regulations" means the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions as Sea, 1972, including annexes currently in force for the United States.
Comments Rule 3
There are four of these definitions that are important to operators of small boats. The Rules are written in terms of "vessels," and this means all watercraft regardless of size. A rowboat, recreational boat, fishing boat, a cruise ship, or tanker, these are all "vessels" as far as the Navigation Rules are concerned. Common sense and good judgement should be applied in situations such as right of way, but no small boat is excused from compliance with the Rules.
A "sailing vessel" has this status only if it is not using mechanical propulsion. Even if the sails are up and being used, if the engines are running it is a "power-driven" vessel and does not have the special privileges of a sailboat.
A sport-fishing boat with trolling lines out is not considered a "vessel engaged in fishing" with a special status and privileges. These lines are not considered a restriction in her ability to maneuver.
Note: Remember the term "underway" even when you are just drifting you are still underway as far as the Navigation Rules are concerned. A vessel that is drifting is sometimes described as "underway with no way on."
(a) These Rules shall apply to all vessels upon the high seas and in all waters connected there with navigable by seagoing vessels.
(b) Nothing in these Rules shall interfere with the operation of special rules made by an appropriate authority for roadsteads, harbors, rivers, lakes, or inland waterways connected with the high seas and navigable by seagoing vessels. Such special rules shall conform as closely as possible to these Rules.
(c) Nothing in these Rules shall interfere with the operation of any special rules made by the Government of any State with respect to additional station or signal lights, shape or whistle signals for ships of war and vessels proceeding under convoy, or with respect to additional station or signal lights or shapes for fishing vessels engaged in fishing as a fleet. These additional stations or signal lights, shapes or whistle signals shall, so far as possible, be such that they cannot be mistaken for any light, shape, or signal authorized elsewhere under these Rules.
(d) Traffic separation schemes may be adopted by the Organization for the purpose of these Rules.
(e) Whenever the Government concerned shall have determined that a vessel of special construction or purpose cannot comply fully with the provisions of any of these Rules with respect to number, position, range or arc of visibility of lights or shapes, as well as to the disposition and characteristics of sound signaling appliances, such vessel shall comply with such other provisions in regard to number, position, range or arc of visibility of lights or shapes, as well as to the disposition and characteristics of sound signaling appliances, as the Government shall have determined to be the closest possible compliance with these Rules in respect to that vessel.
Submarines may display, as a distinctive means of identification, an intermittent flashing amber (yellow) beacon with a sequence of operation of one flash per second for three (3) seconds followed by a three (3) second off-period. Other special rules made by the Secretary of the Navy with respect to additional station and signal lights are found in Part 706 of Title 32, Code of Federal Regulations (32 CFR 706).
Rule 1: Application (Inland)
(a) These rules apply to all vessels upon the inland waters of the United States, and to vessels of the United States on the Canadian waters of the Great Lakes to the extent that there is no conflict with Canadian law.
(b) (i) These rules constitute special rules made by an appropriate authority within the meaning of Rule 1(b) of the International Regulations.
(ii) All vessels complying with the construction and equipment requirements of the International Regulations are considered to be in compliance with these Rules.
(c) Nothing in these Rules shall interfere with the operation of any special rules made by the Secretary of the Navy with respect to additional station or signal lights and shapes or whistle signals for ships of war and vessels proceeding under convoy, or by the Secretary with respect to additional station or signal lights and shapes for fishing vessels engaged in fishing as a fleet. These additional station or signal lights and shapes or whistle signals shall, so far as possible, be such that they cannot be mistaken for any light, shape or signal authorized elsewhere under these Rules. Notice of such special rules shall be published in the Federal Register and, after the effective date specified in such notice, they shall have effect as if they were a part of these Rules.1
(d) Traffic separation schemes may be established for the purposes of these Rules. Vessel traffic service regulations may be in effect in certain areas.
(e) Whenever the Secretary determines that a vessel or class of vessels of special construction or purpose cannot comply fully with the provisions of any of these Rules with respect to the number, position, range, or arc of visibility of lights or shapes, as well as to the disposition and characteristics of sound-signalling appliances, the vessel shall comply with such other provisions in regard to the number, position, range, or arc of visibility of lights or shapes, as well as to the disposition and characteristics of sound-signalling appliances, as the Secretary shall have determined to be the closest possible compliance with these Rules. The Secretary may issue a certificate of alternative compliance for a vessel or class of vessels specifying the closest possible compliance with these Rules. The Secretary of the Navy shall make these determinations and issue certificates of alternative compliance for vessels of the Navy.
(f) The Secretary may accept a certificate of alternative compliance issued by a contracting party to the International Regulations if he determines that the alternative compliance standards of the contracting party are substantially the same as those of the United States.
Submarines may display, as a distinctive means of identification, an intermittent flashing amber (yellow) beacon with a sequence of operation of one flash per second for three (3) seconds followed by a three (3) second off-period. Other special rules made by the Secretary of the Navy with respect to additional station and signal lights are found in Part 706 of Title 32, Code of Federal Regulations (32 CFR 706).
Comments Rule 1
The U.S. Inland Rules and the International Rules are about the same, waters are subject to one or the other, but not both, but in quite a few cases the Rules are the same. The boundary between them is called the "COLREGS Demarcation Line." These lines are described in Federal Regulations and are shown on all applicable charts. There are areas of U.S. waters that could be thought of as inland along the northeast coast, and Puget Sound, but are subject to the International Rules.
Both the International and Inland Rules have some exceptions and special provisions for naval vessels. The Inland Rules also prescribe a special light for submarines due to their large bulk that is underwater and out of sight, this is an amber (yellow) all-round light flashing three times at one-second intervals, followed by a dark interval of three seconds.
Rule 2: Responsibility
(a) Nothing in these Rules shall exonerate any vessel, or the owner, master, or crew, from the consequences of any neglect to comply with these Rules or of the neglect of any precaution which may be required by the ordinary practice of seamen, or by the special circumstances of the case.
(b) In construing and complying with these Rules due regard shall be had to all dangers of navigation and collision and to any special circumstances, including the limitations of the vessels involved, which may make a departure from these Rules necessary to avoid immediate danger.
Comments Rule 2
This is sometimes called the "Rule of Good Seamanship" this Rule first states that all the Rules must be complied with, and the practices of good seamanship be followed. But it then goes on to say that there may be "special circumstances." Its intention is to apply common sense to the interpretation and application of the Rules, and to prevent any misunderstanding of the Rules to avoid the consequences of their misapplication. It recognizes that a departure from the Rules may be required to avoid immediate danger. There may be special situations where a departure from the Rules is required. Should a collision result, compliance with the Rules may not be a defense.
Rule 3: General Definitions
(a) The word "vessel" includes every description of watercraft, including non-displacement craft, WIG craft, and seaplanes, used or capable of being used as a means of transportation on water.
(b) The term "power-driven vessel" means any vessel propelled by machinery.
(c) The term "sailing vessel" means any vessel under sail provided that propelling machinery, if fitted, is not being used.
(d) The term "vessel engaged in fishing" means any vessel fishing with nets, lines, trawls, or other fishing apparatus which restrict maneuverability, but does not include a vessel fishing with trolling lines or other fishing apparatus which do not restrict maneuverability.
(e) The term "seaplane" includes any aircraft designed to maneuver on the water.
(f) The term "vessel not under command" means a vessel which through some exceptional circumstance is unable to maneuver as required by these Rules and is therefore unable to keep out of the way of another vessel.
(g) The term "vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver" means a vessel which from the nature of her work is restricted in her ability to maneuver as required by these Rules and is therefore unable to keep out of the way of another vessel. The term "vessels restricted in their ability to maneuver" shall include but not be limited to:
1. A vessel engaged in laying, servicing, or picking up a navigational mark, submarine cable or pipeline.
2. A vessel engaged in dredging, surveying or underwater operations.
3. A vessel engaged in replenishment or transferring persons, provisions or cargo while underway.
4. A vessel engaged in the launching or recovery of aircraft.
5. A vessel engaged in mine clearance operations.
6. A vessel engaged in a towing operation such as severely restricts the towing vessel and her tow in their ability to deviate from their course.
(h) The term "vessel constrained by her draft" means a power-driven vessel which because of her draft in relation to the available depth and width of navigable water is severely restricted in her ability to deviate from the course she is following.
(i/h) The word "underway" means that a vessel is not at anchor, or made fast to the shore, or aground.
(j/i) The words "length" and "breadth" of a vessel mean her length overall and greatest breadth.
(k/j) Vessels shall be deemed to be in sight of one another only when one can be observed visually from the other.
(l/k) The term "restricted visibility" means any condition in which visibility is restricted by fog, mist, falling snow, heavy rainstorms, sandstorms or any other similar causes.
(l) "Western Rivers" means the Mississippi River, its tributaries, South Pass, and Southwest Pass, to the navigational demarcation lines dividing the high seas from harbors, rivers and other inland waters of the United States, and the Port Allen-Morgan City Alternate Route, and that part of the Atchafalaya River above its junction with the Port Allen-Morgan City Alternate Route including the Old River and the Red River.
(m) The term "Wing-In-Ground (WIG) craft" means a multimodal craft which, in its main operational mode, flies in close proximity to the surface by utilizing surface-effect action.
(m) "Great Lakes" means the Great Lakes and their connecting tribuatary waters including the Calumet River as far as the Thomas J. O'Brien Lock and Controlling Waters (between mile 326 and 327), the Chicago River as far as the east side of the Ashland Avenue Bridge (between mile 321 and 322), and the Saint Lawrence River as far east as the lower exit of Saint Lambert Lock.
(n) "Secretary" means the Secretary of the department in which the Coast Guard is operating.
(o) "Inland Waters" means the navigable waters of the United States shoreward of the navigational demarcation lines dividing the high seas from harbors, rivers and other inland waters of the United States and the waters of the Great Lakes on the United States side of the International Boundary.
(p) "Inland Rules" or "Rules" mean the Inland Navigational Rules and the annexes thereto, which govern the conduct of vessels and specify the lights, shapes, and sound signals that apply on inland waters, and
(q) "International Regulations" means the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions as Sea, 1972, including annexes currently in force for the United States.
Comments Rule 3
There are four of these definitions that are important to operators of small boats. The Rules are written in terms of "vessels," and this means all watercraft regardless of size. A rowboat, recreational boat, fishing boat, a cruise ship, or tanker, these are all "vessels" as far as the Navigation Rules are concerned. Common sense and good judgement should be applied in situations such as right of way, but no small boat is excused from compliance with the Rules.
A "sailing vessel" has this status only if it is not using mechanical propulsion. Even if the sails are up and being used, if the engines are running it is a "power-driven" vessel and does not have the special privileges of a sailboat.
A sport-fishing boat with trolling lines out is not considered a "vessel engaged in fishing" with a special status and privileges. These lines are not considered a restriction in her ability to maneuver.
Note: Remember the term "underway" even when you are just drifting you are still underway as far as the Navigation Rules are concerned. A vessel that is drifting is sometimes described as "underway with no way on."
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